$BEl5~Bg3X(B | $BBg3X1!0e3X7O8&5f2J(B | $B9q:]J]7r3X@l96(B | $B?MN`@8BV3X65<<(BTOP | 2nd
UNIV. TOKYO | Grad. School Med. Sci. | School Intl. Health | Dept. Human Ecology TOP | 2nd

$B@8BV3X!J(B$B9b:j7P:QBg3XHs>o6P9V5A(B$B!K(B

$B!J(B$BJ,3dHGL\$B!K(B

$B%H%C%W(B | $B99?7>pJs(B | $B8&5f$H650i(B | $B6H@S(B | $B7W;;5!(B | $B | $BKmAp;R(B | $BCx | $BL\0BH"(B | $B=qI>(B
Top | History | Res. & Edu. | Achieve | Computer | Photos | My Favorite (J) | Profile | Messages | Book Review

$B:G=*99?7!'(B 2001$BG/(B12$B7n(B25$BF|(B $B2PMKF|(B 12$B;~(B49$BJ,(B

$BM=Dj$NItJ,$K4X$7$F$OFbMF$,JQ$o$k$3$H$,$"$j$^$9!#(B


$BBh#12s(B $B!V@8BV3X$H$O2?$+!W!J(B2001$BG/(B4$B7n(B12$BF|!K(B

$B9V5A35MW(B

  1. $B%X%C%1%k(B(Ernest Haeckel, 1869)$B$NB$8l!'(Boikos$B!J2HDm!K(B + logos$B!J3X!K!?(Beconomics$B$H$N4X78(B oikos$B!J2HDm!K(B+ nomics$B!J4IM}!K(B
  2. $B@8BV3X$NDj5A!'!V@8J*$H$=$N4D6-$H$NAj8_:nMQ$N2J3XE*8&5f!W$N0UL#$G!$!H@8J*$N2HDm@83h!I(B by Haeckel (1869)$B!?!V@8J*$NJ,I[$HK-IY$5$r7h$a$kAj8_:nMQ$N8&5f!W(B by Krebs (1972)$B!?(BKrebs$B$NDj5A$N$=$l$r!$8DBN!$8DBN72!JF1$B8DBN(B(organism)$B%l%Y%k$G$O!D!'$I$N$h$&$K8DBN$,$=$N@8J*E*$"$k$$$OHs@8J*E*$J4D6-$K$h$C$F1F6A$5$l$k$+!$$=$7$F$^$?!$$=$l$i$K1F6A$rM?$($k$+$r07$&!#(B
  3. $B8DBN72(B(population)$B%l%Y%k$G$O!D!'FCDj$N@\8DBN72$NFCD'$r07$$!$$=$l$+$i$=$N=tB&LL$r4D6-$H7k$S$D$1$k(B
  4. $B72=8(B(community)$B%l%Y%k$G$O!D!'72=8$N@.J,$"$k$$$O9=B$$r07$$!$$=$l$+$i72=8$,$I$N$h$&$J%(%M%k%.!$N2=3XJ*@\72=8<+BN$N@-$B@8BV3X$N9-$,$j!'@8J*3X$NCf?4J,Ln$N#1$D$H$$$&$P$+$j$G$J$/!$B>$NJ,Ln!J0dEA3X!$?J2=3X!$9TF03X!$@8M}3X$J$I!K$H=E$J$k3X:]@-$r$b$D!$$?$@$7!$=P@8!$;`K4!$0\=;$H$$$C$?!$J,I[$dK-IY$5$K1F6A$9$kFCD'$K:GBg$NCm0U$rJ'$&!?<+A33&$N8DBN!$8DBN72!$72=8$@$1$G$J$/!$?M9)$N4D6-$d!$?M4V$N1F6A$r$B8&5f$N2aDx!'4Q;!$H5-=R!?@bL@$"$k$$$OM}2r!JBh#1$NL\I8!K!?%b%G%k$N9=C[!?M=B,!JBh#2$NL\I8!K!?@)8f!JBh#3$NL\I8!K(B
  5. $B9V5AM=Dj!J#2!A#8!K!'@8J*$H4D6-$NAj8_:nMQ!J8DBN%l%Y%k!K!?@8J*B?MM@-$r@8$_=P$94D6->r7o!J4D6-$NOC!K!?;q8;$H$7$F$N@8J*!A@8J*%T%i%_%C%I!J72=8$r5-=R$7M}2r$9$k$?$a$N#1$D$NJ}K!!K!?@8B8$H;`K4$N@8BV3X!J8DBN72%l%Y%k!K!?$B9V5AM=Dj!J#9!A#1#3!K!'J,2r

    $B%U%)%m!<(B

    1. $BHD=q!J@lLgMQ8l!$=EMW$JE@!$?^!K$r4uK>"*$d$j$^$9(B
    2. $BFq$7$=$&$GIT0B"*Fq$7$$35G0$b$"$j$^$9$,!$$9$Y$F$o$+$m$&$H$7$J$/$F$b9=$$$^$;$s!#$B4D6-LdBj!$0dEA!$?"J*!$%R%H$NIB5$$J$I$X$N4|BT"*

      $BBh#22s(B $B!V@8J*$H4D6-$NAj8_:nMQ!J

      $B9V5A35MW(B

      1. $B@8L?$,B8:_$9$k$?$a$N4D6->r7o(B
        • $B=k$9$.$:4($9$.$J$$(B
        • $B?e$,B8:_$9$k"*B?MM$JCO7A!$B?MM$J4D6-(B
        • $B@8L?$,MxMQ$9$k%(%M%k%.!<$OB@M[%(%M%k%.!<$r;H$C$?8w9g@.$r85$K$9$k$N$,$BG.BS$O=k$$$N$G8w9g@.8zN($O$h$$$,!$>xH/NL$,B?$/!$?e$,K3$7$$$H$3$m$,B?$$!J$H$/$K:=Gy!K!$6KCOJ}$O4($$$N$G?e$OK-$+$@$,!$E`$C$F$7$^$&$N$G1UBN$N7A$G@8J*$,MxMQ$G$-$k?e$O>/$J$$$7!$8w9g@.8zN($O0-$$!#(B
      2. $BE,1~J|;6(B
        • $B@$3&$N$5$^$6$^$JJ*M}2=3XE*4D6-!JCO7A!$COEY!$9_?eNL$J$I!K$K1~$8$F!$$=$N4D6-$KE,$7$?@8J*$BN"$rJV$;$P!$$[$H$s$I$Nl=j$K$O$$$J$$$H$$$&$3$H!#@$3&$O!$;~4VE*!&6u4VE*$J@8J*72=8$N%Q%C%A%o!<%/!#(B
        • $B%@!<%&%#%s$O!$%,%i%Q%4%9=tEg$N%U%#%s%A$NS\$NB?MM@-!J8e=R!K$r8+$F!$$5$^$6$^$JEg$N4D6-$K9-$,$k$?$aE,1~?J2=$7$?$H9M$($?!#$=$N0UL#$G!VE,1~J|;6!W$H$$$&(B
      3. $BE,1~?J2=$N9M$(J}!a?J2=O@(B
        $B!|!V@dLG4mW|(BII$BN`!J#V#U!K!W(B $B@dLG$N4m81$,A}Bg$7$F$$$k$B!|!V=`@dLG4mW|!J#N#T!K!W(B $B8=;~E@$G$O@dLG4m81EY$O>.$5$$$,!"@8B)>r7o$NJQ2=$K$h$C$F$O!V@dLG4mW|!W$K0\9T$9$k2DG=@-$N$"$k$B!|!V>pJsITB-!J#D#D!K!W(B $BI>2A$9$k$@$1$N>pJs$,ITB-$7$F$$$k$B!|IUB0;qNA!V@dLG$N$*$=$l$N$"$kCO0h8DBN72!J#L#P!K!W(B $BCO0hE*$K8IN)$7$F$*$j!"CO0h%l%Y%k$G$N@dLG$N$*$=$l$,9b$$8DBN72(B
        $B%l%C%I%j%9%H%/%i%$%F%j%"!J(B$B>\:Y(BPDF$B%U%!%$%k(B$B!K(B
        $B"'(BA$B!A(BE$B$N$I$l$+0l$D$rK~$?$;$P!$$=$N%+%F%4%j$KF~$k!#(B
        • A:$B0lDj4p=`0J>e$N8DBN728:>/(B
        • B:$B0lDj4p=`L$K~$N=P8=HO0O(B
        • C:$B0lDj4p=`L$K~$N@.=O8DBN?t!\0lDj0J>e$N8:>/(B
        • D:$B0lDj4p=`!J(BC$B$h$j>/$J$$!KL$K~$N@.=O8DBN?t(B
        • E:$B?tNL2r@O$K$h$j0lDj0J>e$N@dLG3NN($,8+9~$^$l$k(B
        $B%/%i%$%F%j%"$NLdBjE@(B
        $B"'%_%J%_%^%0%m$N>l9g!$(B1996$BG/;~E@$G%*!<%9%H%i%j%"$N?dDjCM$K$h$l$P!$2a5n(B29$BG/4V$K(B90$B!s8:>/$7$F$$$?$N$G!$H=Dj4p=`(BA$B$rK~$?$7!$(BCR$B$H8+$J$5$l$?!#(B3$B:P$+$i(B7$B:P$N5{$O:G6aA}$($F$$$k$N$G!$4m81$r2aBg$K8+@Q$b$C$F$$$k2DG=@-$b$"$k!#(B
        $B"'4p=`(BE$B$J$iJ6$l$,$J$$$,!$?.Mj@-$N9b$$@dLGM=B,$,$G$-$k$[$I==J,$J%G!<%?$,$"$k>l9g$ODA$7$/!$4p=`(BA$B$+$i(BD$B$K$h$i$6$k$rF@$J$$>l9g$,B?$$!#(B
        $B"'>pJs$,ITB-$7$F$$$k$+$i$H$$$C$FBP:v$r$H$i$J$$$G$$$k$Hl9g$,$"$k$H9M$($F!$!VM=KI86M}(B(precautionary principle)$B!W$K$h$j!$I,$:$7$b@dLG4m81@-$,9b$$$3$H$r>ZL@$G$-$J$/$F$b%j%9%H$K:\$;$k$H$$$&H=CG!#(B
        $B"'CO5e4D6-LdBj$O!$35$MM=KI86M}$K$h$C$F$$$k!#(B
        $B%@%k%^%,%(%k!J@dLG4mW|(BII$BN`!K(B
        $B"'K\=#!JCfItCOJ}FnIt!$El3$!$6a5&COJ}CfIt!$;3M[COJ}ElIt!K$KJ,I[!#(B
        $B"'4XEl$KJ,I[$9$k%H%&%-%g%&%@%k%^%,%(%k$H$O6a1o!#(B
        $B"'$[$H$s$I?eJU$+$iN%$l$J$$$G@83h$9$k!#B-$K5[HW$,$J$$$N$G!$(BU$B;z9B$KMn$A9~$`$HGg$$>e$,$l$J$$!#ED$N6h2h@0M}$G7c8:$7$?$H8@$o$l$k!#(B
        $B%+%(%k$N8:>/$NM}M3(B
        $B"'HiIf$,Gv$$$N$G!$4D6-JQ2=$N1F6A$r$B"'6h2h@0M}$J$I(B
        $B"'%D%\%+%S$N46@w(B
        $B"'%G!<%?$O>/$J$/!$M=B,$bFq$7$$(B

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B%+%(%k$N@dLG$rKI$0$K$O!)!!@dLG$9$k$H$I$&$$$&1F6A!)(B
        $B$I$&$$$&1F6A$,=P$k$+$OM=B,$G$-$^$;$s!#@dLG$rKI$0J}K!$O%+%(%k$N$BF|K\8GM-$N%6%j%,%K$O8DBN?t$,8:$C$F$$$k!)!!$=$l$H$b$b$H$b$H>/$J$+$C$?!)(B
        $B%K%[%s%6%j%,%K$O@dLG4mW|(BII$BN`(BVU$B!#$b$H$b$HJ,I[$OK\=#KLIt$G$7$?$,!$8DBN?t$b8:$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $B%+%o%&%=$O$b$&@dLG$7$F$$$k!)(B
        $B%K%[%s%+%o%&%=$O!$(BCR$B$G$9!#(B
        $B%l%C%I%j%9%H$K:\$C$F$$$k@8J*$N$&$A!$<+A3EqBA$5$l$F$7$+$k$Y$-B8:_$N$b$N$O$J$$$N$+!)(B
        $B$o$+$j$^$;$s!#$?$@!$%l%C%I%j%9%H$O5^B.$K8DBN?t$,8:$C$F$$$k@8J*$KE,MQ$5$l$k>l9g$,B?$$$N$G!$%R%H$N1F6A$,$"$k>l9g$,B?$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
        $B%"%^%,%(%k$b$"$^$j8+$J$/$J$C$?5$$,$9$k$,!$$d$O$j$B%"%^%,%(%k$OB-$K5[HW$,$"$k$N$G!$#U;z9B$K%H%i%C%W$5$l$k4m81$,$J$$J,!$$=$l$[$I8:$C$F$O$$$J$$$h$&$G$9!#(B
        $B7V$O$I$&$+!)(B
        $B%/%a%8%^%\%?%k$,@dLG4mW|(BII$BN`!$%_%d%3%^%I%\%?%k$H%3%/%m%*%P%\%?%k$,=`@dLG4mW|$H$J$C$F$$$^$9!#%2%s%8%\%?%k$d%X%$%1%\%?%k$O$^$@Bg>fIW$J$h$&$G$9!#(B
        $B%?%J%4$O!)(B
        $B%_%d%3%?%J%4$d%K%C%]%s%P%i%?%J%4!$%9%$%2%s%<%K%?%J%4$,@dLG4mW|(BIA$BN`!$%$%A%b%s%8%?%J%4$d%<%K%?%J%4$,(BIB$BN`!$%;%\%7%?%S%i$d%+%<%H%2%?%J%4$,(BII$BN`!$%?%J%4$,=`@dLG4mW|$G$9!#(B
        $BD4::$O$I$s$J3d9g$G$I$&$d$C$F$B@8J*$G$9!#(B


        $BBh(B17$B2s!V?"J*%l%C%I%j%9%H$H(BPVA$B$N9M$(J}!W!J(B2001$BG/(B10$B7n(B11$BF|!K(B

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $B?"J*%l%C%I%j%9%H(B
        $B"'(B1989$BG/$KF|K\<+A3J]8n6(2q$H@$3&<+A3J]8n4p6bF|K\0Q0w2q$,!$?"J*J,N`3X$B"'(B1997$BG/!$4D6-D#$,H/I=$7$?$b$N$,:G?7!#(B IUCN$B$N(B1994$BG/4p=`$K4p$E$$$FA4LL2~D{!#D4::$O!$4D6-D#$N0QBw$G?"J*J,N`3X2q$,$B"'(B1/25000$BCO?^$G(B4400$BKg$K5Z$VF|K\3FCO$K@80i$9$k?"J*$K$D$$$F!$(B400$B?M$ND4::0w$,
          $H3t?t$H8:>/N($rD4$Y$?%G!<%?$r85$K!$%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s%b%G%k$G8:>/N($rM=B,$7!$(BA$B!A(BE$B$N4p=`$rE,MQ$7$FJ,N`$7$?$b$N!#(B
          $B@dLG$N62$l$N$"$k?"J*$NNc(B
          $B"'%5%/%i%=%&!$%+%o%i%N%.%/$J$I!#(B
          $B%G!<%?$NNc!'%5%/%i%=%&$N>l9g(B
          $B!J>>EDM5G7!V4D6-@8BV3X=x@b!W=j<}$NI=$rDs<(!K(B
          $BF|K\$N?"J*%l%C%I%j%9%H$G:NMQ$7$?(BACD$B4p=`$H(BIUCN$B$N(BA, C, D$B4p=`(B
          $B!J>>EDM5G7!V4D6-@8BV3X=x@b!W=j<}$N?^$rDs<(!K(B
          $B"'(BN0(1-R)<50$B$@$H(BCR$B!$(BN0(1-R)2.5<250$B$@$H(BEN$B!$(BN0(1-R)10<1000$B$@$H(BVU$B$H$$$&4p=`$O!$(BIUCN$B$N4p=`$H$O0c$C$F3j$i$+$J6J@~$K$J$k!#(B
          $B"'DjNLE*M=B,$,2DG=$K$J$C$?$N$,=EMW$JE@!#(B
          $B4D6-MI$i$.$H?M8}3XE*MI$i$.(B
          $B"'@8J*$,D>LL$9$k@dLG$N4m81@-(B
          • $B?M0YE*1F6A$K$h$C$F8:$j$D$E$1$F$$$k>l9g(B
          • $B4{$K?t$,8:$C$F$$$F!$6vA3@dLG$9$k>l9g(B
            • $B4D6-MI$i$.!'F1$8$h$&$K?t$,8:$C$F$$$F$b!$4D6-$,$h$1$l$PB?>/D9;}$A$7!$0-$1$l$P0l5$$K@dLG!#(B
            • $B?M8}3XE*MI$i$.!'?t$,8:$C$F$/$k$H!$
          $B=8CDB8B3@-2r@O(B
          $B"'(BPopulation Viability Analysis (PVA)$B$H$$$&!#(B
          $B"'(BMinimum Viable Population (MVP)$B$,(BCR$B$N4p=`CM!#0dEA3XE*(BMVP$B$O$b$C$HBg$-$$!J6a8r$B"'4D6-MI$i$.$H?M8}3XE*MI$i$.$r9MN8$7$?8DBN?tJQF0$N4pK\J}Dx<0$O!$J,=8CD9=B$$rL5;k$9$l$P!$(BdN/dt=r(N)N +$B&R(BeZe(t)$B!&(BN + Zd(t)$B"e(BN
          $B"(1&JUBh#29`$,4D6-MI$i$.!$Bh#39`$,?M8}3XE*MI$i$.$rI=$7$F$$$k!#(B
          $B%+%o%i%N%.%/$N@dLG3NN(M=B,(B
          $B!JEhED@5OB!V$"$N2V$O$I$3$X$$$C$?$N!)!W!]@>;38-0lJT!V@8L?$NCN7C!&%S%8%M%9$NCN7C!W4]A1%i%$%V%i%j!<=j<}!]$r>R2p!K(B

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B2=3XJ*/!$@dLG$7$F$7$^$o$J$$$+!)(B
        $B"'2=3XJ*$B"'B>J}!$;@@-1+$r$b$?$i$9(BSOx$B$d!$@8L?0];}$K$H$C$FI,?\$N5!G=$rAK32$9$k$h$&$J2=9gJ*$O!$F0J*$K$H$C$F$bB?$/$N?"J*$K$H$C$F$bM-32$G$9!#$?$@$7!$?"J*$NCf$K$O!$F0J*$K$H$C$F$OM-32$J2=9gJ*$rBee$2!$G;=L$7$F?"J*BNFb$KN/$a9~$`$3$H$,Js9p$5$l$F$$$^$9!#$3$N$h$&$J!$?"J*$N5!G=$rMxMQ$7$F4D6-Cf$NFGJ*$NFG@-$rDc2<$5$;$k;n$_$O(Bphytoremediation$B!J%U%!%$%H%l%a%G%#%(!<%7%g%s!K$H8F$P$l$FCmL\$5$l$F$$$^$9!#$A$J$_$K!$0dEA;RAH49$($7$?:Y6]$r;H$C$F4D6-Cf$NFG@-$N6/$$2=9gJ*$rBe$B?M4V$O7l$,G;$/$J$k$H$B"'$9$G$K=c7O$K$J$C$F$$$k$N$G!$I$J$I$,EAGE$7$d$9$$$3$H$r0UL#$9$k$N$G!$I,$:$7$b!V6/$$!W$H$O$$$($J$$$H;W$$$^$9!#(B
        $B%+%o%i%N%.%/$,@dLG$9$k$H%D%D%_%N%,$b@dLG$9$k!)(B
        $B"'%D%D%_%N%,$NMDCn$,%+%o%i%N%.%/$N$B%5%/%i%=%&$H%+%o%i%N%.%/$,$^$@IaDL$K:i$$$F$$$?$H$-!$$I$NCO0h$KB?$+$C$?!)!!:#$O$I$3$G8+$i$l$k!)(B
        $B"'%5%/%i%=%&$O$^$@72GO8)$G$b8+$i$l$^$9!#%+%o%i%N%.%/$O72GO8)$K$O$"$j$^$;$s$,!$FJLZ8)$N54E\@nN.0h$H$+!$El5~ET$NB?K`@nN.0h$J$I$G8+$i$l$^$9!#(B
        $B6a8r$B"'M-@-@8?#$r$9$kF0J*$G$"$l$P!$$=$l$[$IJQ$o$j$^$;$s!#$?$@!$B?;:B?;`$NF0J*$NJ}$,1F6A$O$B%+%o%i%N%.%/$,$b$7@dLG$7$F$7$^$C$?$i2J3X$NNO$H$+$GI|3h$G$-$k!)(B
        $B"'40A4$K$B%l%C%I%j%9%H$K:\$C$F$$$kF0?"J*$,%j%9%H$+$i30$l$k>l9g$O$I$l$/$i$$$"$k$N$+!)(B
        $B"'$^$H$^$C$?>pJs$r8+$D$1$k$3$H$,$G$-$J$+$C$?$N$G!$!V$I$l$/$i$$!W$+$O$o$+$j$^$;$s$,!$Nc$($P!$JF9q$G$N%O%/%H%&%o%7$O(B30$BG/4V@dLG4mW|$BF|K\8EMh$N%?%s%]%]$H$$$&$N$b:#$G$O$[$H$s$I$J$/$J$C$F$7$^$C$?!)(B
        $B"':_Mh$B72GO8)$K$*$1$k?"J*%l%C%I%j%9%H$K:\$C$F$$$k?"J*$O!)(B
        $B"'$?$/$5$s$"$j$^$9$,!$Nc$($P!$%?%A%9%_%l(B(EN)$B!$%*%*%P%?%A%D%\%9%_%l(B(VU)$B!$%5%/%i%=%&(B(VU)$B$J$I$O72GO8)$G$N@80i$,3NG'$5$l$F$$$^$9!#%"%-%N%O%O%3%0%5(B(EN)$B$O9b:j;T$N0lIt$bF~$C$F$$$kA066%a%C%7%e$G$N@80i$,3NG'$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $B?"J*$OF0J*$[$I@dLG$KBP$9$k4X?4$O>/$J$$$H46$8$F$$$?$,!$F0J*$N$h$&$JJ]8n$O$5$l$F$$$k!)(B
        $B"'4u>/?"J*$N72Mn$G$O$U$D$&!$:N!$B%l%C%I%j%9%H$K:\$C$F$$$kF0?"J*$N5U$G!$0[>oH/@8$7$F$$$kF0?"J*$b$"$k$,!$$=$l$rE,@5$J8DBN?t$K$9$k!$$H$$$&7A$G$N<+A3J]8n$b$J$5$l$F$$$k$N$+!)(B
        $B"'%7%+$N8DBN?t4IM}$H$$$&OC$rNc$K$H$C$F@bL@$7$^$9!#(B


        $BBh(B18$B2s!VA}$($9$.$?F0J*$r$I$&07$&!)!W!J(B2001$BG/(B10$B7n(B18$BF|!K(B

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $B%(%>%7%+$H$O(B
        $B"';29M(BURL$BF;ElCO0h%(%>%7%+J]8n4IM}7W2h(B$B!JKL3$F;4D6-@83hIt4D6-<<<+A34D6-2]!K(Bpdf$B7A<0$G>\:Y$JJ8=q$r%@%&%s%m!<%I$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$C$F$$$k!#(B
        $B"'L@<#;~Be$K$O?)Fy!J0lIt$O4L5M$H$7$FM"=P!K!$3Q!$LSHi$K>&IJ2ACM$,$"$j!$Mp3M$5$l$?!#(B
        $B"'9k@c$b$"$j!J(B20$BG/$K#1EY$N3d9g$G5/$3$j!$@.=C$,H>8:!K(B $B!$L@<#!&Bg@5G/4V$K$+$1$FJa3M?t$O7c8:!#(B
        $B"'(B1884$BG/$+$i(B1901$BG/$H!$(B1921$BG/$+$i(B1950$BG/BeH>$P$^$G$O6XND!#(B
        $B"'@o8e$OEyHf5i?tE*$K7cA}!#Fy$NN.DL7PO)$b$J$/!$>&IJ2ACM$b>CLG!#(B
        $B"'H*$dKRAp$r?)$$9S$i$7!$%+%i%^%D$B%7%+$N8DBN?tJQ2=(B
        $B"'%K%[%s%8%+$O#2:P$G@.=O$7!$KhG/#1F,$:$D;F$r;:$`!#(B
        $B"'$[$H$s$I$"$i$f$kAp$r?)$$$D$/$7!$!V4D6-MFNL!W$rD6$($FA}$(!$$d$,$F=8CD$G52$(;`$K$7!$Dc$$L)EY$GIO$7$$?"J*Aj$N$b$H$G!$>.$5$J3Q$r$D$1$?%7%+$,:Y!9$H@8$-$k!#(B
        $B"'F6Ll8PCfEg$K(B1957$BG/$+$i(B1968$BG/$K#38DBNJ|$5$l$?%7%+$OG/(B15%$BA}2C$7!$(B1983$BG/=)$K$O(B299$BF,$KC#$7!$$=$l$+$iH>G/$G(B67$BF,$,<+A3;`!$(B95$BF,4V0z$-!#$$$^$@$K?"@8$O2sI|$;$:!#(B
        $BA}$($9$.$?F0J*$K$O$I$&BP=h$9$l$P$$$$$N$+!)(B
        $B"'CW;`E*$JIB86BN$d!$%U%#%9%F%j%"(B[Pfiesteria piscicida$B$H(BP. shumwayae$B$N#2.@b$r;2>H!K$J$i!$:,@d$rL\;X$7$F$b0-$/$J$$!J$b$A$m$s@\?($r@d$F$l$P%Y%9%H!K!#%I!<%-%s%9$,8@$&DL$j!$%R%H$K$OM=B,G=NO$,$"$k$+$i!$6&B8$7F@$J$$4m81$J@8J*$OC!$/$N$,9gM}E*!#(B
        $B"'%"%*%3!JMuAt$N0l%7%+$N$h$&$K!$A}$($9$.$k$HB>$N@8J*$NIiC4$K$J$k$,!$$+$H$$$C$F:,@d$9$k$H@8J*B?MM@-$rDc2<$5$;$k$3$H$K$J$k@8J*$N07$$$,LdBj$N>GE@!#A}$($9$.$k$N$b%R%H$N3hF0$N1F6A$G$"$k$3$H$,B?$$$N$G!JNc$($P!$@83hGQ?e$J$I$K$h$k8P$NIY1IM\2=$,%"%*%3BgH/@8$N:GBg$N860x!K!$%R%H$K$O@UG$$,$"$k!#(B
        $BKL3$F;F;ElCO6h%(%>%7%+J]8n4IM}@/:v(B
        $B"'(B1998$BG/:vDj!#J]8n@/:v$r8+D>$7!$$+$DMp3M$bHr$1$k!$%(%>%7%+$r?M4V$K$H$C$FE,@5$J?t$KJ]$D!VJ]8n4IM}!W$r86B'$H$9$k!#(B
        $B"'%X%j%3%W%?!<$+$i$NL\;k$G#8K|!A(B16$BK|F,!J(B1993$BG/!K$H8+@Q$b$j!#=P;:N(!$@8B8N(!$@.=OG/Np$OF6Ll8PCfEg$ND4::$+$i?dDj!#$3$l$i$NCM$K(B20%$BDxEY$NIT3Nl9g$NA}2CN($rG/(B12%$B$+$i(B18%$B$H?dDj$7!$#5G/8e$KE,@5?e=`$K$J$k$h$&!$E,@5Ja3MF,?t$r7hDj!#(B
        $BE,@5Ja3MF,?t$N?dDj86M}(B
        $B"'KhG/=)$NL\;kD4::$G8DBN?t?dDj!##67n$,=P;:4|$GL\;kD4::$O=)$J$N$G(B0.5$B:P$H(B1.5$B:P0J>e$N8DBN?t$,$o$+$k!#(B1.5$B:P0J>e$NG/Np9=@.$OJL$N%G!<%?$+$i?dDj!#(B
        $B"'4IM}7W2h$N86B'$O!V%U%#!<%I%P%C%/@)8f!W!#>o$K4F;k$7$F8:$C$F$-$?$i$B%(%>%7%+4IM}7W2h$NJ}:v(B
        $B"'4IM}L\I8!'(B
        1. IUCN$B$N@dLG$N62$l$N$"$kLn@8F0J*$N4p=`$K0z$C$+$+$i$J$$$h$&!$(B1000$B8DBN0J>e$KJ]$D!#(B
        2. $B?tM}LO7?$K4p$E$-!$IT3N
        $BB>$NF0J*$G%U%#!<%I%P%C%/4IM}$,8!F$$5$l$F$$$kNc(B
        $B"'>&6HJa7_$N2~D{4IM}J}<0!#$?$@$7!$%$%G%*%m%.!$B"'(B1999$BG/$ND;=CJ]8nK!!J!VD;=CJ]8n5Z$B"'%R%0%^$d%+%i%9$K$b9M$($k$Y$-!#(B

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B%(%>%7%+$K$OE7E($,$$$J$$!)!!%(%>%7%+$N$B"'0JA0$O%(%>%*%*%+%_$,E7E($G$7$?$,!$@dLG$7$F$7$^$$$^$7$?!#8=:_!$4:$($F%(%>%7%+$NE7E($rC5$;$P!$$=$l$O?M4V$H$$$&$3$H$K$J$k$G$7$g$&!#Ln@8F0J*$N$BCO0h;:6H8&5f2q(B$B$H$$$&%5%$%H$N>pJs$K$h$l$P!$%(%>%7%+$N$B$b$7$+$7$FA}$($9$.$?F0J*$r;&$9$H$$$&$3$H$b$"$k!)(B
        $B"'6n=|$H$$$&$N$O!$%R%H$,$=$NF0J*$r;&$9$3$H$G$9!#(B
        $B%R%0%^$d%+%i%9$b!$%(%>%7%+$N$h$&$K?"J*$rBg5,LO$K?)$$9S$i$7$?$j$7$FBg$-$JHo32$r=P$7$F$$$k!)(B
        $B"'%(%>%7%+$H0c$C$F!$%R%H$X$NHo32$,Cf?4$G$9!#$^$?!$%/%^$OA49qE*$K?t$,8:>/798~$K$"$j$^$9!#(B
        $B%(%>%7%+$,8:$j$9$.$?$i$I$&$J$k!)!!Ho?)$5$l$k?"J*$9$Y$F$,4pK\E*$K$OA}$($F$$$/!)!!$=$l$H$bFCJL$JF0?"J*$N?t$,JQ2=!)(B
        $B"'$o$+$j$^$;$s!#$7$+$7!$IaDL$KA+0\$,5/$3$k$H$9$l$P!$$*$=$i$/$O:G=i$OHK?#NO$,6/$$0lG/Ap$,A}$(!$$=$N8e$KB?G/Ap!$LZK\$H$$$&=gHV$GA}$($F$$$/$H;W$o$l$^$9!#(B
        $BF|K\$K$O%U%#%9%F%j%"$N$h$&$J:,@d$rL\;X$7$F$b0-$/$J$$$h$&$J@8J*$OB8:_$9$k!)(B
        $B"'CW;`E*$JIB86BN$H$O6&B8IT2DG=$J$N$G!$:,@d$rL\;X$7$F$b$7$+$?$J$$$H;W$$$^$9!#$?$H$($P!$(BHIV$B$H$+!$685mIB$N%W%j%*%s$H$+$$$C$?$b$N$G$9!J$b$C$H$b!$%&%$%k%9$d%W%j%*%s$O!$H>@8J*$_$?$$$J$b$N$G$9$,!K!#(B
        $B%U%#%9%F%j%"$NJ,I[$O!)(B
        $B"'%a%j!<%i%s%I=#%A%'%5%T!<%/OQ$J$I!$KLJFEl3$4_$KJ,I[$7$F$$$k$h$&$G$9!#(B$BJF9qG@L3>J$N%j%s%/=8(B$B$+$i(B$BJF9q4D6-J]8nD#$N%U%#%9%F%j%"$N%Z!<%8(B$B$d(B$B%N!<%9%+%m%i%$%J=#N)Bg3X$N%U%#%9%F%j%"$N%Z!<%8(B$B$r8+$k$H!$%N!<%9%+%m%i%$%J@n2O8}0h$+$iCfItBg@>MN$H=q$+$l$F$$$k$N$G!$$=$l$[$IJ,I[0h$O9-$/$J$5$=$&$G$9!#(B
        $B%*!<%9%H%i%j%"$d%K%e!<%8!<%i%s%I$O8=:_$N7_$,$I$&$$$&>u67$K$"$k$N$+$rCN$C$?>e$GJa7_$r6X;_$7$F$$$k!)(B
        $B"'CN$C$F$$$F$bF|K\$J$I$,=P$7$?%G!<%?$r?.$8$i$l$J$$$H$$$&?M$H!$%G!<%?$,@5$7$$$H$7$F$b%$%G%*%m%.!<$H$7$FJa7_$O5v$;$J$$$H$$$&?M$,$$$k$=$&$G$9!#(B
        $B:G6a%+%i%9$NHo32$,A}$($F$$$k$,!$%+%i%9$N?t$b@N$HHf$Y$F$=$l$@$1A}$($F$$$k$H$$$&$3$H!)(B
        $B"'Hu8}9-K'!&?92<1QH~;R!V%+%i%9!"$I$3$,0-$$!*!)!W!J>.3X4[J88K!K$K$h$l$P!$L@<#?@5\$N$M$0$i$G$O(B1996$BG/$+$i(B2000$BG/$^$G$N#5G/4V$G!$Ls(B4000$B1)A}2C$7$F$$$k$H$$$&4Q;!7k2L$,$"$j$^$9!#0lJ}!$El5~OQCf1{KIGHDi$NKd$aN)$F=hJ,>l$G$O!$@8%4%_$N>F5Q=hJ,$,?J$s$G!$40A4$K3%$@$1$rKd$aN)$F$k$h$&$K$J$C$?(B1997$BG/$+$i$O%+%i%9$N;Q$O7c8:$7$?$=$&$G$9!#$=$NB>$$$m$$$m$J>pJs$rJ;$;$F9M$($k$H!$Cx$B%+%i%9$,2>$K@dLG$9$k$H2?$+:$$k$3$H$,$"$k!)(B
        $B"'%+%i%9$KJa?)$5$l$F$$$k>.D;$J$I$,0[>o$KA}$($k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s$,!$%+%i%9$r1B$K$9$k@8$-J*$O$[$H$s$I$$$J$$$N$G!$@8BV7O$K$I$l$[$I$N1F6A$,$"$k$+$OL$CN?t$G$9!#$7$+$7!$2>$K@8BV7O$X$N1F6A$,>.$5$$$H$7$F$b!$IB86BN$G$b$J$$$7?t$,A}$($9$.$J$1$l$P?M4V$N@83h$K$[$H$s$I32$,$J$$$h$&$JLn@8@8J*$r!J$7$+$b?t$,A}$($9$.$?$N$O!$L@$i$+$K@8%4%_$r=P$7$9$.$kET;T$N@83h$N$;$$$J$N$G$9$+$i!K!$?M4V$NET9g$G@dLG$KDI$$$d$k$3$H$O$*$+$7$$$H;W$$$^$9!#(B
        $B?M4V$bA}$($9$.$F$$$kF0J*$H$$$($=$&$@$,!$$3$NLdBj$O$I$&$9$l$P$$$$!)(B
        $B"'?M4V$K$D$$$F$OFq$7$$$G$9!#%j%9%/%"%;%9%a%s%H$O$G$-$F$b!$%j%9%/%^%M!<%8%a%s%H$r$9$k$?$a$N9g0U$rF@$k$N$,:$Fq$G$7$g$&$7!$$=$l0JA0$KNQM}E*$K5v$5$l$k$+$H$$$&LdBj$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
        $B2H$G?"J*$$$m$$$m07$C$F$$$k$N$G$9$,!$@dBP$KF|K\!J$^$?$O72GO!K$G$O0i$F$i$l$J$$$h$&$J?"J*$b$"$k!)(B
        $B"'29<<$r;H$($P$+$J$j$N$BD;=CJ]8nK!$K$h$C$F$B"'u67$@$H;W$$$^$9!#K\Mh$,WWF-Japan$B$J$I$O8=:_$NK!N'$KH?BP$7$F$$$^$9(B$B!#Fs%7%+4IM}$N$?$a$K1t$N=FCF$Gl9g!$;`BN$r?)$Y$?%*%*%o%7$,1tCfFG$K$J$k$H$$$C$?;vNc$,$"$j$^$9!K$r9MN8$7$F$$$J$$$3$H$d!$4IM}7W2h$N:vDj$,COJ}<+<#BN$KG$$5$l$?$3$H$KBP$7$F!$Ev=iL5M}$@$HEz$($?<+<#BN$b$"$C$?$3$H$J$I$,!$H?BPM}M3$NCf?4$G$9!#$7$+$7!$4IM}7W2h$NrJ8$K6qBNE*$J5,Dj$d?t3XE*$J:,5r$,=q$+$l$F$$$J$$$?$a$K!$Z$,$J$/$J$C$F$7$^$&E@$K$"$j$^$9!#(B


        $BBh(B19$B2s!V@8BV7O$N4V@\8z2L$HHs7hDj@-!W!J(B2001$BG/(B10$B7n(B25$BF|!K(B

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $B@8BV7O$N4V@\8z2L(B
        $B"'CD9$,!$D>@\4X78$N$"$kB>$N$B"'@8BV7O$r9M$($k$H!$D>@\4X78$7$J$/$F$b!$4V@\8z2L$,$"$k$3$H$bMF0W$KA[A|$G$-$k!#(B
        $B:=Gy$NIndirect relationship between mouse and ants in Arizona desert.
        $B4V@\8z2L$rM?$($k2M6u$N?)J*LV$N?tM}LO7?(B
        Hypothetical indirect relationships
        $B?tM}LO7?$K$h$k4V@\8z2L$N@bL@(B
        $B"'l=j$G0c$$$,=P$k!#$B"'L@<(E*$K9M$($F$$$kHo?)Ja?)4X78$,8B$i$l$F$$$k$?$a$K72=89TNs$G$O(B0$B$N$H$3$m$,B?$/$F$b!$46EY9TNs$G$O(B0$B$N$H$3$m$O$[$H$s$I$J$/$J$C$F$7$^$&!#4V@\8z2L$,$"$k$3$H$r0UL#$9$k!#(B
        $B;&Cn:^$N5UM}(B
        $B"';&Cn:^$r;5$$$F$b!$32Cn$NE7E($r;&$7$F$7$^$&$H!$5Q$C$F32Cn$N8DBN?t$,A}$($k$3$H$b$"$k!#(B
        $B"'@$$NCf$K$3$N$h$&$JNc$OB?$$!#?M4V$N@uCN7C$H$$$&$3$H$+!#(B
        $B5~ET@k8@$N5UM}(B
        $B"'5~ET@k8@$G$O!$5y3MBP>]$N5{$N4V$NHo?)Ja?)4X78$,$"$k$H$-!$$I$A$i$bK~JW$J$/$H$k$N$,K>$^$7$$$H$5$l$F$$$k(B
        $B"'$7$+$7!$IaDL$K?tM}LO7?$rN)$F$F:GE,2r$r5a$a$k$H!$$I$A$i$+(B1$BJ}$@$13M$C$?$[$&$,NI$$$H=P$k!#(B
        $B"'4V@\8z2L$r$&$^$/%b%G%k2=$G$-$F$$$J$$$+$i!#(B
        $BB?MM@-$H0BDj@-$N5UM}(B
        $B"'B?MM$@$+$i0BDj$H$O8B$i$J$$!#(BElton$B$,%o%$%?%`$N?9$GAGKQ$K9M$($?$3$H$r;Y;}$9$k?tM}%b%G%k$O$^$@$J$$!#(B

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B!V0BDj!W$NDj5A$O@8J*$K$h$C$F$d$O$j0[$J$k$b$N$G$7$g$&$+!#(B
        $B"'0BDj@-$HB?MM@-$N4X78$rI>2A$9$k$?$a$KI,MW$J!V0BDj!W$H$$$&35G0$O!$$5$^$6$^$JB?MM@-$r$b$D@8BV7O$K6&DL$7$F$$$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#$7$+$7!$L\$K8+$($k;Q$H$7$F$N0BDj@-$O!$$?$7$+$K@8J*$K$h$C$F0[$J$k$G$7$g$&!#Nc$($P!$%$%o%7$OBg$-$J8DBN?tJQF0$r<($7$^$9$,!$$A$c$s$H?6I}$7$F$$$k8B$j$O0BDj$H$$$($^$9!#$7$+$7!$%R%H$,%$%o%7$[$I$N8DBN?tJQF0$r<($7$?$i!$$=$l$OIT0BDj$H2r$B@8J*$NB?MM@-$r@7$K$9$k$3$H$O$d$`$rF@$J$$$H8@$($k!)(B
        $B"'$=$&9M$($k?M$?$A$O(Bdeep ecologist$B$H8F$P$l$F$$$^$9!#%G%#!<%W%(%3%m%8!<$K$D$$$F$O!$5~ET@:2ZBg3X4D6-$B4D6-;(3X%^%,%8%s(B$B$N(B11$B7n(B3$BF|IU$1$N5-;v$K!$$A$g$&$Ie$2$i$l$F$$$^$7$?!#(B
        $B;&Cn:^$r;5$$$F$b32Cn$NE7E($r;&$7$F$7$^$&$H5Q$C$F32Cn$N8DBN?t$,A}$($k$H$"$k$,!$Nc$($P$I$s$JCn$,$"$F$O$^$k!)(B
        $B"'%^%a%O%b%0%j%P%($OF&2J:nJ*$NMU$r?)32$7$^$9$,!$$=$NMDCn$KMq$r;:$_MDCn$+$i1)2=$9$k(B$B%+%s%`%j%R%a%3%P%A(B$B$d!$Mq$K;:Mq$9$k(B$B%O%b%0%j%_%I%j%R%a%3%P%A(B$B$J$I(B28$B$B%+%a%`%7%?%^%4%H%S%3%P%A(B$B$O%+%a%`%7$,J,Hg$9$k=89g%U%'%m%b%s$N@.J,$N#1$D$KM60z$5$l$k$3$H$,$o$+$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $B4V@\8z2L$r$&$^$/%b%G%k2=$9$k$K$O$I$&$7$?$i$$$$!)(B
        $B$J$k$Y$/>\:Y$J%b%G%k$rN)$F$k$7$+$J$$$G$7$g$&!#$7$+$7:]8B$J$$$N$G!$$[$I$[$I$GBE6($9$k$N$,IaDL$G$9!#(B
        $B5~ET@k8@$N;~$K$O@lLg2H$N0U8+$rJ9$+$J$+$C$?$N$+!)(B
        $BJ9$$$F!$7P83E*$K$O5~ET@k8@$NJ}$,@5$7$$$i$7$$$3$H$O$o$+$C$F$$$k$N$G$9$,!$C1=c$J?tM}%b%G%k$G$O5~ET@k8@$K9g$&7k2L$,=P$F$3$J$$$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!#(B
        $B;&Cn:^$N5UM}$K$D$$$F!';&Cn:^$G4s@8K*$,7c8:$7$?7k2L32Cn$,A}2C$9$k$H$$$&$3$H$O!$4s@8K*$O1B$,A}$($k$+$i$=$N8DBN?t$OA}2C$7$F!$7k6I$O;&Cn:^$r;5$/A0$N$h$&$J>uBV$K$J$k!)(B
        $B"'%3%J%,$K4s@8$9$k%3%J%,%5%`%i%$%3%^%f%P%A$d%3%b%j%0%b$J$I$OG@Lt$KHs>o$K$B$3$N2F!$!VLV8M$KCnMh$J$$!J%"!<%9$"$_8M$KCn$3$J$$!K!W$H$$$&;&Cn:^!J!)!K$rGc$C$?$,!$LV8M$KD>@\Lt$r%9%W%l!<$7$FCn$rHr$1$k$N$ONI$$$H$7$F!$LV8M$KIU$$$?Lt$,Iw$r2H$NCf$Kh$C$FIt20$KF~$j!$<+J,$b;&Cn:^$r5[$$9~$s$G$7$^$&$N$G$O$J$$$+$H;W$$!$;H$&$N$r$d$a$?!#$b$7;H$C$F$$$F!$?HBN$K0-1F6A$,$G$?$i!V;&Cn:^$N5UM}!W$K$J$k!)(B
        $B"'%R%H$,2a$4$7$d$9$/$J$kL\E*$G;H$C$?LtIJ$,5U$K%R%H$rIB5$$K$9$k!$$H$$$&0UL#$G$O5UM}$G$9$M!#$?$@!$LV8M$KEI$C$FCn$,Mh$J$$$h$&$K$9$kLt$J$i;&Cn:^$G$O$J$/!$:+Cn4wHr:^$@$H;W$$$^$9!#(B1957$BG/$+$i;H$o$l$F$$$k(BDEET$B$,BeI=E*$J$b$N$G$9$,!$;&Cn:^$h$j$ODcFG@-$N$O$:$G$9!J!VGc$C$F$O$$$1$J$$!W$G$O4D6-%[%k%b%s$r4^$s$G$$$k$H$$$C$FHcH=$5$l$F$$$^$9$,!K!#(BDEET$B=hM}$d%G%k%?%a%9%j%s=hM}$r$7$?2cD"$G2c$r8zN(E*$K6n=|$9$k$H$3$m$+$iH/A[$7$?$N$G$7$g$&$,!$2cD"$H0c$C$FLV8M$r2p$7$FSy1B$,$"$k$o$1$G$O$J$$$N$G!$$=$N8z2L$O>.$5$$$G$7$g$&!#LV8M$O!$IwDL$7$NNI$5$H:+Cn$N?/F~$7$K$/$5$,%H%l!<%I%*%U$N4X78$K$"$k$N$G!$IwDL$7$,NI$$$^$^:+Cn$,?/F~$7$K$/$$$h$&$K!$$"$kDxEYBg$-$JL\$NLV8M$K:+Cn4wHr:^$rEI$k$3$H$O9gM}E*$G$9!#0B0f;j$5$s$9$i!VL50UL#!W$H8@$C$F$$$^$9$,!$I,$:$7$b$=$&$H$O8@$($^$;$s!#(BDEET$B$J$iIaDL?t;~4V$7$+M-8z$G$J$$$N$G!$(B1.5$B%v7n$b;}B3$9$k$H$$$&$N$O!$$?$@$N(BDEET$B$G$O$J$$$N$G$7$g$&$,!#(B
        $BB?MM@-$H0BDj@-$N5UM}$N$H$3$m$G!$0BDj$@$HB?MM$H$$$($k!)(B
        $B"'I,$:$7$b$=$&$O8@$($^$;$s!#4D6-JQF0$,$J$$8B$j$O!$#2$B6/0z$K@8BV7O$K5U$i$&$3$H$3$=!$:G$b1F6A$,6/$$$H$$$&$3$H$,$o$+$C$?!#;&Cn:^$J$I$r8:$i$9$h$&$JEXNO$O$7$F$$$k$N$+!)(B
        $B"'(BIPM (Integrated Pest Management)$B$H$$$&9M$(J}$,$"$j!$JF9q$J$I$G$O;&Cn:^;HMQNL$r8:$i$9EXNO$,$5$l$F$$$^$9!#0dEA;RAH49$(:nJ*$b$=$N$h$&$JN.$l$G=P$F$-$?$b$N$H$$$&B&LL$b$"$k$N$G$9$,!$I,$:$7$b@.8y$7$F$$$k$H$O8B$j$^$;$s!#(B
        $BBg@N$O?M4V$b@8BV7O$N4V@\8z2L$r$b$m$K$B"'L@$i$+$K

        $BBh(B20$B2s!V$I$&$d$C$F@8BV7O$OB?MM2=$7$?$N$+!A?J2=@8BV3X$N%b%G%k!W!J(B2001$BG/(B11$B7n(B8$BF|!K(B

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $BLdBj$r5U$KB*$($F$_$h$&(B
        $B"'A02s!$@8BV7O$OB?MM$GJ#;($J4X78$G$J$j$?$C$F$$$F!$$A$g$C$H$7$?$B"'$7$+$7!$@8BV7O$,:#$"$k$h$&$K$J$C$?$H$$$&$3$H$O!$$=$l$,?J2=$NF;6Z$GE,1~E*$@$C$?$+$i$H9M$($k$3$H$b$G$-$k!#(B
        $B"'@8BV7O$rJ#;(7O(B*$B$H$7$F0lHL2=$7$F$_$k(B $B!AMWAG4T85K|G=O@$X$N%"%s%A%F!<%<(B
        * M.M.$B%o!<%k%I%m%C%W!VJ#;(7O!W!J?7D,J88K!K(B
        $B%3%s%T%e!<%?$K$h$k?J2=$N$B"'$B"'e$K$B?M9)@8L?(B
        $B"'0lDj$N%"%k%4%j%:%`$K=>$C$F@83h!$;`K4!$HK?#$r9T$&@8J*$N%b%G%k!#J#?t8DBN$rF1;~$K@83h$5$;!$Aj8_:nMQ$b9M$($k!#=>$&%"%k%4%j%:%`$=$N$b$N$r0dEA;R$rLO$7$?5-9fNs$GI=$7!$HK?#$N:]$KFMA3JQ0[$dM-@-@8?#$G%"%k%4%j%:%`$,JQ$o$k$h$&$K$9$k$3$H$G?J2=$rI=$9!#(B
        $B"'%i%$%U%2!<%`!$0dEAE*%"%k%4%j%:%`!$?@7P2sO)LO7?$J$I$b?M9)@8L?$G$"$k!#(B
        $B"'@8BV7O$N?J2=$r9M$($k?M9)@8L?%b%G%k$H$7$F$O!$(BTom Ray$B$N(BTierra$B$,M-L>!#(B
        $B"'(Bweb$B$+$i%@%&%s%m!<%I$G$-$?$j!$(BJava$B$G=q$+$l$F$$$F%V%i%&%6$G;2>H$9$k$@$1$GLifeX (Windows$BMQ(B)$B!$@8BV7O%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$NNc$H$7$F(BSF$B:n2H$H$7$F$bM-L>$J?t3XBoppers (Windows$BMQ(B)$B!$?J2=$9$k?M9)@8L?$NHelix4 (Windows$BMQ(B)$B$r>R2p!#%j%s%/=8$H$7$F$O!$(B$B?M9)@8L?$NJu8K(B$B$+$iC)$k$HNI$$!#(B
        $B?J2=@8BV3X$N9M$(J}(B
        $B"'?M9)@8L?$N$h$&$K!$@8BV3XE*$J4X78$,!$$I$N$h$&$K8=:_$N7A$K?J2=$7$?$+!$$H9M$($k3XLd$r?J2=@8BV3X$H$$$&!#!J(Bcf.$B!!?J2=?4M}3X!K(B
        $B"'LdBj@_Dj$NNc!';sM:$O$J$J,$:$D$$$k$N$+!)!!%R%H$@$1$,$J$$B"'9M$(J}$NNc!'7l1oEqBA!$?J2=E*$K0BDj$J@oN,(B(ESS)$B!$$*$P$"$A$c$s$NB90i$F2>@b!$J,JL$"$kJa?)

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B?J2=@8BV3X$N9M$(J}$O!$#1$D$NLdBj$K$D$$$F2?$BLdBj$K$h$C$F0c$$$^$9!#Nc$($P!$$J$<8DBN$4$H$K;sM:$KJ,$+$l$F$$$k@8J*$G$O!$BN$NBg$-$5$d;R$N@$OC!&@-9TF0!&0\F0Dj=;@-!&MxB>9TF0$J$I!$9TF0>e$N$5$^$6$^$JB&LL$K;sM:$N0c$$$,8+$i$l$k$N$+!)!!$H$$$&LdBj$KBP$7$F$O!$!J#1!K;R0i$F$r$7$J$$@8J*$G$O!$@:;R$r:n$kJ}$,Mq$r:n$k$N$KHf$Y$F05E]E*$K%3%9%H$,$+$+$i$J$$$?$a$K!$M:$NHK?#@.8y$,;s$H$N=P2q$$$rA}$d$9G=NO$H6/$/4X78$9$k$N$KBP$7$F;s$NHK?#@.8y$,Mq$r@8;:$9$kG=NO$dE,@Z$J;:Mq>l=j$rA*$VG=NO$K$h$C$F7h$^$C$F$/$k$?$a!$@-9TF0$OM:$r%W%l!<%d!<$H$7$FHK?#2DG=$J;s$r=d$C$F6%9g$9$k$H$$$&%2!<%`$N%b%G%k$G@bL@$7$d$9$$$H$+!$!J#2!K9&?}$N>~$j1)$N$h$&$KM:$@$1$,6KC<$J7A$N;s$HF1$89%$_$r$b$DJ}$,M-Mx$K$J$k$H$$$&@5$N%U%#!<%I%P%C%/8z2L$G$"$k%i%s%J%&%'%$2>@b$H$+!$M%$l$?0dEA;R$r;R$I$b$K;D$9$3$H$rDL$8$F$N4V@\E*$JMx1W$H$7$F$N!V%;%/%7!<$JB);R!W2>@b!J4{$KH]Dj$5$l$?$,!K$H$+!$$o$6$H6KC<$J7A$N7A$B?M9)@8L?$K$D$$$F$b$&>/$7>\$7$/CN$j$?$$!#(B
        $B?M9)@8L?$K$D$$$F$O!$%o!<%k%I%m%C%W!VJ#;(7O!W!J?7D,J88K!K$NBh#6>O$rFI$`$3$H$r$*A&$a$7$^$9!#<+8J$r5-=R$7JQ2=$7A}?#$9$k%W%m%0%i%`$N%3!<%I$O!$<+8JAH?%2=$9$kJ#;(7O$H$$$&0UL#$G!$@8L?$H6K$a$F$h$/;w$F$$$^$9!#%i%s%0%H%s$O(B1971$BG/$NJk$l$+$i(B1972$BG/=iF,$K$+$1$F%"%k%P%$%HCf$K8+$?%i%$%U%2!<%`$N2hLL$K@8L?$=$N$b$N$r46$8$F!$!V?M9)@8L?!W$H$$$&%Q%i%@%$%`$r9M$(=P$7$?$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!#%i%s%@%`$K%Q%i%a!<%?$rJQ2=$5$;$J$,$i<+8JJ#@=$r$7!$9-$,$k%3%s%T%e!<%?%&%$%k%9$O!$?M9)@8L?$N0l.@b$NCf$G$OJ*@($/6/NO$J0dEAE*%"%k%4%j%:%`$rAH$_9~$s$@%3%s%T%e!<%?%&%$%k%9$,3H;6$7$F%Q%K%C%/$,5/$3$k$H$$$&%"%$%G%#%"$,2?EY$b;H$o$l$F$$$^$9!J9,?973Li!V$"$J$?$NBT$D>l=j!W3Q@n%[%i!$B$*$P$"$A$c$s$NB90i$F2>@b$J$I$N9M$(J}$K$D$$$F$N;29M=q!$K\$J$I$N>R2p4uK>!#(B
        $B$*$P$"$A$c$s$NB90i$F2>@b$O!$Ds>'$5$l$F$^$@$"$^$j;~4V$,7P$C$F$$$J$$$N$G!$:\$C$F$$$kK\$OB?$/$J$$$N$G$9$,!$?yK\@5?.!&8E;TBY9(!VO72=$H0dEA;R!WEl5~2=3XF1?M$NBh#2>O$Ke$2$i$l$F$$$^$9!#?J2=@8BV3X$d9TF0@8BV3X$NM}O@$K$D$$$F$O!$$B:#F|>R2p$5$l$?B>$K$b$*A&$a%W%m%0%i%`$O!)!!#E#S#S$H$O!)(B
        $B$$$m$$$m$J%W%m%0%i%`$,8x3+$5$l$F$$$^$9!J>e5-%j%s%/=8$+$iC)$l$^$9!K!#B?$/$O(BJava$B$G=q$+$l$F$$$F!$%V%i%&%6$G8+$l$P^$r^$7$F:rF|^5-G09V1i$r$7$?(BJohn Maynard=Smith$B$5$s$,Ds>'$7$?35G0$G$9!#4JC1$K8@$($P!$J?6QE*$J@8$-J}$,EqBA$N>e$G0BDj$K0];}$5$l$k$3$H$G$9!#(B
        $BItB2$K$h$C$F$9$-$C;u$J?M$,%b%F$k$H$+!$$B%1!<%9%P%$%1!<%9$J$N$G$o$+$j$^$;$s$,!$%?%$$J$I$K=;$`$B;sM:$J$J,$:$D$$$k$N$+!)!!$K$D$$$F>\$7$/CN$j$?$$!#(B
        $B?J2=E*$K0BDj$J@-Hf$,(B1:1$B$@$H$$$&5DO@$O!$$b$H$b$H(BR.A.Fisher$B$K$h$C$F$J$5$l$?$b$N$G$9!#?t<0$G87L)$KI=8=$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9$,!$463PE*$K@bL@$9$k$H!$l9g$b$"$j$^$9!#Nc$($P%(%8%W%H%d%V%+$N$$$/$D$+$N=8CD$G$O!$M:$NJ}$,;s$h$j$b6KC<$KB?$/$J$C$F$$$^$9!#$3$l$O!$#Y@w?'BN>e$K$"$k0dEA;R#M$,8:?tJ,Nv$N$H$-$K#X@w?'BN$r2u$9$?$a!$#X@w?'BN$r$b$D@:;R$,Nt2=$7$F!$#Y@w?'BN$NJ}$,B?$/l9g$O!$0dEA;R#M$,!$<+$i$,?F@$Be$+$i;R@$Be$KEA$($i$l$k3NN($K:nMQ$9$k$N$G!$A0Ds$N0l$D$,Jx$l$F$$$^$9!#<+J,$NJ"$NCf$GU[2=$9$k;R$I$b$r;:$_!$;R$I$bF1;N$,8rHx$9$k%@%K$N0l$B0dEAE*%"%k%4%j%:%`$d?@7P2sO)LO7?$K$D$$$F!$$b$&>/$7>\$7$/CN$j$?$$!#(B
        $B;:6H5;=QAm9g8&5f=j$N1'DELZL@CK$5$s$K$h$k(B$BMQ8l2r@b(B$B$r;2>H!#(B
        $B%W%m%0%i%`$H$7$F4V@\8z2L$r%7%_%e%l!<%7%g%s$9$k>l9g!$$I$s$J$3$H$KCmL\$7$F8+$F$_$l$P$$$$$+!)(B
        $BD>@\8z2L$NBEEv@-$,$"$k$+$I$&$+$r3N$+$a$?>e$G!$%Q%i%a!<%?$r$$$m$$$mJQ$($F$_$F!$$I$&$$$&4V@\8z2L$,=P$F$/$k$+$r8+$^$9!J46EYJ,@O!K!#(B
        $B0dEA;RAH49$(5;=Q$H%P%$%*%F%/%N%m%8!<$N0c$$$rCN$j$?$$!#4V@\8z2L$N%W%m%0%i%`$O<+:n$9$k$N$+!)(B
        $B0dEA;RAH49$(5;=Q$O%P%$%*%F%/%N%m%8!<$N0l

        $BBh(B21$B2s!V<+A3$N2ACM!W!J(B2001$BG/(B11$B7n(B15$BF|!K(B

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $B;29MJ88%(B
        $B"'OIC+$$$E$_!&Lp86E00l!VJ]A4@8BV3XF~Lg!W!JJ80lAm9g=PHG!K(B
        $B"'%$%\%s%L!&%P%9%-%s!JF#ARNI!!Lu!K!V@8J*B?MM@-$N0UL#!W!J%@%$%d%b%s%I$B"'(BNunes P.A.L.D., van den Bergh J.C.J.M. (2001) Economic valuation of biodiversity: sense or nonsense? Ecological Economics, 39: 203-222.
        $B<+A3$r$B"'(B1992$BG/$K%j%*%G%8%c%M%$%m$G3+$+$l$?CO5e%5%_%C%H$K$*$1$k!V4D6-$H3+H/$K4X$9$k%j%*%G%8%c%M%$%m@k8@!W!$$=$3$G:NBr$5$l$?CO5e$N@8J*rLs!W!JF|K\$O(B1993$BG/(B12$B7n(B21$BF|$KHc=Z!K(B
        $B"'%b%m%C%3$G$NBh#72s2q5D$,9g0U$KC#$7$F=*$o$C$?$N$G!$8e$OHc=Z$rBT$D$P$+$j$H$J$C$?!V5$8uJQF0OHAH$_>rLs(B(COP)$B!W(B
        $BGX7J(B
        $B"'<+A3$NGK2u$O?MN`$,$b$?$i$7$?$H$$$&G'<1(B
        $B"'$H$/$K(B20$B@$5*$KGK2u$,7c$7$+$C$?(B
        $B"'8x32LdBj!$?M8}GzH/!$CO5e29CH2=!$%*%>%s%[!<%k!$:=Gy2=!$CO2L!&At>l$N>C<:$J$I!$$3$N$^$^$G$OCO5e$,$b$?$J$$$H$$$&4m5!46(B
        $B<+A3$r$B"'8=Be$K$*$1$k@8J*$N@dLG$O!$@8B)CO$NGK2u!$Mp3M!$4D6-1x@w!$30Mh$B"'@8J*$B"'@8J*B?MM@-$rJ]A4$9$k$?$a$K$O!$J*M}2=3XE*4D6-$b!$$"$kHO0O$KJ]A4$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$(B
        $B"'$D$^$j!$@8J*B?MM@-$rJ]A4$9$k$3$H$O!$<+A3$r$B@8J*B?MM@-$N2ACM!JOIC+!$Lp86!$(B1996$BG/!K(B
        $B"'D>@\E*2ACM(B
        • $B>CHqE*;HMQ2ACM!D;T>l$rDL$i$:$KD>@\>CHq$5$l$k@8J*;q8;$N2ACM!J<+5k7P:Q$K$*$1$k?)NA!$G3NA!$EAE}E*LtIJ!K(B
        • $B@8;:E*;HMQ2ACM!D;T>l$rDL$C$F$+$i;HMQ$5$l$k@8J*;q8;$N2ACM!JLZ:`$J$I!K(B
        $B"'4V@\E*2ACM(B
        • $BHs>CHqE*;HMQ2ACM!D%l%/%j%(!<%7%g%s!$%"%a%K%F%#!J4D6-7P:Q3X$N(BCVM[$B2>A[I>2AK!(B]$B$J$I$N
        • $BM=HwE*;HMQ2ACM!D@$Be4VITJ?Ey$rHr$1$k$?$a(B
        • $BB8:_2ACM!D4D6-NQM}3X$d%G%#!<%W%(%3%m%8!<$N
        $B!JCm!K$3$NJ,N`$K$O@8BV7O%5!<%S%9(B(Ecosystem Service)$B$J$$$7%M%$%A%c!<%5!<%S%9(B(Nature Service)$B$H8F$P$l$k2ACM$,F~$C$F$$$J$$$,!$$3$l$bL5;k$G$-$J$$2ACM$G$"$k!#$^$?!$(B$B%^%$%J!$B$H8F$P$l$k3hF0$r@.N)$5$;$k4pHW$H$7$F$N@8J*B?MM@-$r9M$($k$H!$Hs>CHqE*;HMQ2ACM$G$b$"$j!$>CHqE*;HMQ2ACM$b$b$C$F$$$k$3$H$K$J$k!#(B
        $B@8J*B?MM@-$N3,AX@-(B
        $B"'>>ED!V4D6-@8BV3X=x@b!W$K$h$k$H!$0J2<$N#4$D$N3,AX$G@8J*B?MM@-$,0];}$5$l$k$Y$-(B
        • $B
        • $B6I=j=8CD$N?t!aJ,I[$NB?MM@-(B
        • $BB?
        • $B$5$^$6$^$J@8BV7O$,NY@\$7!$$"$k$$$O$"$kDxEY$N5wN%$r$*$$$F6&B8!a7J4QB?MM@-!JN$;3$N$h$&$JFs
        $B"'OIC+!&Lp86!VJ]A4@8BV3XF~Lg!W$K$h$k$H!$0J2<$N#43,AX(B
        • $B7J4Q!D7J4Q%?%$%W!D7J4Q%Q%?%s!D7J4Q2aDx$H$=$NJ,I[!$EZCOMxMQ(B
        • $B72=8!&@8BV7O!D72=8%?%$%W!&@8BV7O%?%$%W!DAj4Q%Q%?%s!&%O%S%?%C%H9=B$!D
        • $B
        • $B0dEA;R!D0dEAE*AH@.!D0dEAE*9=B$!D0dEAE*2aDx(B


        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B%G%#!<%W%(%3%m%8!<$HFs$B"'$I$A$i$+$,@5$7$/$F$I$A$i$+$,4V0c$C$F$$$k$H$$$&$b$N$G$O$J$$$H;W$$$^$9!#(B
        $B<+A3$r$B"'%9%Z!<%9%3%m%K!<$K2??M@8$-$i$l$k$H;W$$$^$9$+!)(B
        $B5~ET5DDj=q8e$N%"%a%j%+$N$d$jJ}$K$D$$$F!$@h@8$O$I$&$*9M$($G$9$+!)!!<+J,$O!V7P:Q$N$?$a$J$i!$<+A3$N5>@7$O0lDj4|4V$d$`$r$($J$$!W$_$?$$$J9M$(J}$J$i$P$$$D$^$G$?$C$F$b<+A3$O$B"'%"%a%j%+$N$d$jJ}$O>o$K%"%a%j%+$NL1@7$K$9$k$h$&$J@/:v$O$BES>e9q$G$O$I$l$/$i$$$N?M$,>.3X9;$KDL$C$F650i$r$B"'$$$m$$$m$G$9!#F1$89q$G$bB<$K$h$C$F0c$$$^$9$7!$CK=w:9$b$"$j$^$9!#%?%j%P%s@/8"2<$G$O=w@-$,3X9;$K9T$/$3$H$,6X;_$5$l$F$$$?$N$O$4B8CN$G$9$M!)!!FnB@J?MN$NEg!9$G$b!$>.3X9;$,$"$C$F$b@h@8$,$$$J$$$H$+!$65:`$,$J$$$H$+$$$C$?%1!<%9$O$?$/$5$s8+$i$l$^$9!#(B
        $B@8J*B?MM@-$rJ]A4$9$k$?$a$K$OJ*M}2=3XE*4D6-$b$"$kHO0O$KJ]A4$7$J$/$F$O$J$i$J$$$H$O$I$&$$$&$3$H!)(B
        $B"'(B$BA04|Bh#32s$N9V5A(B$B$G$b?($l$^$7$?$,!$@$3&3FCO$N$5$^$6$^$JJ*M}2=3XE*4D6->r7o$KE,1~$7$F!$@8J*$O$5$^$6$^$J7A$d5!G=$r$b$D$h$&$K?J2=$7$F$-$?$N$G$9!#5U$K$$$($P!$:#@8$-$F$$$k@8J*$O!$$"$kHO0O$K8BDj$5$l$?J*M}2=3XE*4D6->r7o$N$b$H$G$7$+@8B8$G$-$^$;$s!J6/;@@-$N8P$@$H$^$C$?$/5{$,$$$J$$$h$&$J>l=j$b$"$j$^$9!K!#$7$?$,$C$FNc$($P!$k]AaOQ$NDiKI$rDy$a@Z$C$FD,$NN.$l$H$$$&J*M}4D6-$r2u$9$H!$M-L@3$$GM\?#$5$l$F$$$k3$B]$,$&$^$/0i$?$J$/$J$C$?$j!$%?%$%i%.$H$$$&3-$,@.0i$G$-$J$/$J$C$?$j$9$k$H$$$&1F6A$,=P$F$7$^$&$H9M$($i$l$^$9!#(B
        $B@8J*B?MM@-$r0];}$7$F$$$/$3$H$O$$$$$3$H$@$,Fq$7$$$N$G$O!)(B
        $B"'>/$J$/$H$b!$;HMQE*2ACM$,3+H/$K$h$C$F$b$?$i$5$l$k$=$l$r>e2s$l$P3+H/$O$9$k$Y$-$G$O$J$$$H$$$($^$9$M!#(BNature Service$B$K$D$$$F$b$=$&$$$($k$G$7$g$&!#4{F@8"$r4^$`7P:QE*1F6A$rL5;k$9$l$P!$$3$N?e=`$G@8J*B?MM@-$K$O$C$-$j$7$?2ACM$,$"$k>l9g$K$O!$$=$l$r0];}$9$k$H$$$&9g0U$rF@$k$N$O$5$[$IFq$7$/$O$J$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
        $B"'LdBj$O$=$l$[$I$N2ACM$,8+=P$5$l$J$$>l9g$G$9!#ITJX$r2fK}$7$FM=HwE*2ACM$r$B0e3X$,H/C#$7$F$$$/8B$j!$?M8}GzH/$J$I$NLdBj$O;_$^$i$J$$$H;W$&$,!)(B
        $B"'?M8}GzH/$K$D$$$F$O!$$*$=$i$/>/;R9bNp2=/;R$r$B9b;3?"J*$J$I0lIt$G$D$s$G$O$$$1$J$$?"J*$,$"$j$^$9$,!$$3$l$OHs>CHqE*2ACM$dM=HwE*;HMQ2ACM$b4^$^$l$F$$$^$9$+!)(B
        $B"'9b;3?"J*$K$O$b$A$m$sHs>CHqE*2ACM$dM=HwE*;HMQ2ACM$,4^$^$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $B?9NS$O8:$j$D$E$1$F$$$k!)!!:#$N%Z!<%9$@$H2?G/8e$K$J$/$J$k!)(B
        $B"'G.BS$G$O8:$C$F$$$^$9!#?9NS8:>/$OBg$-$JLdBj$N0l$D$J$N$G!$

        $BBh(B22$B2s!V?9NS8:>/!W!J(B2001$BG/(B11$B7n(B22$BF|!K(B

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $B;29MJ88%(B
        $B!|0KF#2E><(B(1994)$B!V@8BV3X$HO!$Bh#2>O(B
        $B!|9b7n9I!&Cg>e7r0l!&:4!9LZ2BBe(B(1996)$B!V8=Be4D6-O@!WM-He3U%V%C%/%9!$Bh#3>O(B
        $B!|@P90G7(B(1998)$B!VCO5e4D6-Js9p(BII$B!W4dGH?7=q(B
        $B?9NS8:>/LdBj$NB*$(J}(B
        $B"'8=>u(B
        • $B@$3&$N?9NSLL@Q$OLs(B35$B2/(Bha$B!#KhG/$N?9NS8:>/$OLs(B1100$BK|(Bha$B!JF|K\$N9qEZ$N(B1/3$B$KAjEv$9$k9-$5!K!#(B
        • $B9qJL?9NS8:>/N((B1980$B!A(B1990$BG/(B
        • $B/$7$F$$$k!#29BS!&0!4(BSNS$O$d$dA}2C!J;2>H!'DL>&Gr=q(B2001$BG/EYHG(B$BAmO@Bh#3>O(B$B!K!#(B
        • $BG/4V8:>/N((B0.5%$B$H$+(B0.7%$B$H$$$&$H>/$J$/46$8$k$,!$G/4V(B0.7%$B8:>/$H$O!$(B100$BG/$GH>8:$9$k$3$H$r0UL#$9$k!#(B
        $B"'860x(B
        • $BD>@\$N?M0Y!a:`LZ:NFH*!$J|KR!$%@%`7z@_$dF;O)7z@_$N$?$a$N?9NSH2:N!$%*%$%k%Q!<%`$N%W%i%s%F!<%7%g%s$rBs$/$?$a$N?9NSH2:N$J$I(B
        • $B4V@\E*?M0Y!a;@@-1+$K$h$kN)$A8O$l$J$I(B
        $B"'1F6A(B
        • $B?9NS$r@8B)>l=j$H$9$k@8J*/!J;2>H!'(BWWF$B$K$h$k?9NS@8BV;X?t$NJQ2=(B$B!K!$$"$k$$$OFCDj@8J*l=j$H$9$k2c$NN`$J$I!K(B
        • $BJ]?eNO$N8:>/$K$h$kCO2e>:(B
        • $BEZ>mN.=P$H:=Gy2=(B
        • $BFs;@2=C:AGA}2C$HCO5e29CH2=!J$J$*!$;@AG$O$[$H$s$IJQ2=$7$J$$!K(B
        $B"'BP:v(B
        • $B?9NS4IM}!'3'H2$r$;$:$K0lDj$N>r7o$rK~$?$9M-MQNq(B2000$BG/L\I8!W$J$I!#(B2000$BG/$K3+$+$l$?!V?9NS$K4X$9$k@/I\4V%U%)!<%i%`(B[Intergovernmental Forum on Forests=IFF]$B!W$N:G=*2q9g$G@_CV$,Ds0F$5$l$?9qO"?9NS%U%)!<%i%`(B[United Nations Forum on Forests]$B$,Cf?4$H$J$C$F$3$&$7$?F0$-$r?J$a$F$$$/$3$H$,4|BT$5$l$F$$$k!K!#(B
        • $B2HC\$Nr7o$G;t$($k$7!$4D6-Ii2Y$,>.$5$$!#%"%^%>%s$G5m$r;t$&$?$a$NKRApCO$r:n$k$?$a$K?9NSH2:N$r9T$&$3$H$OM}$KE,$C$F$$$J$$!#(B
        $B;vNc#1!'%/%k%3%N%7%'9qN)8x1`!J@P90G7!VCO5e4D6-Js9p(BII$B!W$r;2>H!K(B
        $B"'%A%'%3%9%m%P%-%"$N%/%k%3%N%7%'9qN)8x1`$G$O!$@$3&$G$b:GBg5,LO$N;@@-1+$K$h$kN)$A8O$l$,$_$i$l$k!#(B
        $B"'I89b(B800m$BJU$j$+$i!$CO85$N?M!9$,!V?9NS$NJh>l!W$H8F$VBgNL8O;`$,$_$i$l$k!#(B1980$BG/$N0[>o4(GH$r$-$C$+$1$K!$$=$l$^$G;@@-1+$GDK$a$D$1$i$l$F$$$?$B"'$B;vNc#2!'%=%m%b%s=tEg(B
        $B"'9q30$XM"=P$9$k$3$H$rL\E*$H$7$FH2:N4k6H$,?9NS$rH2:N!#(B
        $B"':G6a$G$O!$>FH*$rBs$/$?$a$K=;L1$,H2:N$rMxMQ$9$k$3$H$b$"$k!#(B
        $B"'M-MQFH*$rBs$/$3$H$h$j$b!J$^$@%7%U%F%#%s%0$,2DG=$J$/$i$$$K?M8}L)EY$ODc$$$+$i!K!$%*%$%k%Q!<%`$N%W%i%s%F!<%7%g%s$r:n$k$H$-$K3'H2$H$J$k$N$G1F6A$,Bg$-$$!#(B
        $B"'?9NS$,<:$o$l$k$HEZ>m$,N.=P$7$F@n$N2O8}$,Kd$^$j!$2c$,BgNL$KH/@8$7$F%^%i%j%"$,N.9T$7$?%1!<%9$d!$3$MN1x@w$K$h$C$F3-$d5{$N5y3M$,8:$C$?%1!<%9$d!$LZ$N

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B5m$r0i$F$k$h$j$b?"J*$NJ}$,(B20$BG\$b8zN($,NI$$$J$i$P!$8=:_$N?)NHLdBj$bM}O@E*$K$O2r7h2DG=$J$N$G$7$g$&$+!)(B
        $B"'%Y%8%?%j%"%s$K$J$l$PF1$8?M8}$rM\$&$?$a$KI,MW$JEZCO$O>/$J$/$F:Q$_$^$9!#5U$K$$$&$H!$8=:_%Y%8%?%j%"%s$,B?$$%$%s%I$N?M!9$,!$FMA35mFy$r?)$Y;O$a$?$i!J%R%s%:!<65$G6X;_$5$l$F$$$k$N$G$"$j$($^$;$s$,!K!$$"$C$H$$$&4V$K52$($F;`$L?M$,B3=P$9$k$G$7$g$&!#$7$+$7!$8=:_$N?)NHLdBj$O!$CO5eA4BN$N?)NH$,B-$j$J$$$H$$$&$h$j$b!$J,G[$NIT6Q9U$,860x$K$J$C$F$$$kB&LL$,6/$$$N$G!$%Y%8%?%j%"%s$K$J$k$@$1$G$O?)NHLdBj$O2r7h$7$^$;$s!#%3!<%i$d%i!<%a%s$d%i%8%*$d%?%P%3$d%S!<%k$rGc$&$?$a$K496b:nJ*$r:n$C$F!$$B0JA0?7J9$G!V3$LLNP2=!W$H$$$&$N$r8+$?$s$G$9$,!$$=$l$r$9$l$P3$$O9-$$$N$G$+$J$j8z2LE*$@$H;W$$$^$9$,!$$$$D$4$m$B"'!V3$LLNP2=!W$O!$D4$Y$?$N$G$9$,!$D+F|?7J97O$N%G!<%?%Y!<%9$K$O8+$D$+$j$^$;$s$G$7$?!#(B
        $BF|K\$O$B"'0JA0$OBg$-$JLdBj$K$J$C$F$$$^$7$?$7!$:#$G$b;~@^%K%e!<%9$K$J$C$F$$$^$9!#$?$@!$9)>l$+$i$NGS5$%,%9$,%U%#%k%?!<$rDL$9$h$&$K$J$C$?$3$H$H!$<+F0>8O$l$K;@@-1+$N1F6A$,$"$k$H$$$&OC$O$"$j$^$9$7!$?tG/A0$K!$C0Bt$G$bEl5~$N%9%b%C%05/8;$H?dDj$5$l$k;@@-$NG;L8$K$h$C$F?9NS$,8O$l$k$H$$$&1F6A$,Js9p$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $B2?$+;@@-1+BP:v$C$F$J$$$s$G$9$+!)!!$^$?!$BP:v$O$B"';@@-1+$N860x$O!$2P;3$NJ.2P$H$$$C$?<+A38=>]$b$"$j$^$9$,!$9)>l$NGS5$$d<+F0l$NGS5$$K$O%U%#%k%?!<$rDL$7$FN22+;@2=J*$r%+%C%H$9$k$h$&$J9)IW$,$5$l$F$$$^$9!#$+$J$j87$7$$!J$?$@$7C#@.2DG=$J%l%Y%k$N!KGS=P5,@)$,$5$l$F$$$k$+$i$G$9!#$7$+$7!$El2$$dCfJF!$ElFn%"%8%"$J$I$G$O!$%3%9%H$NE@$+$iGS5$$KBP$9$k%U%#%k%?!<$H$$$C$?$b$N$O==J,@0Hw$5$l$J$$$^$^$K2TF0$7$F$$$k9)>l$,B?!9$"$j$^$9!#(B
        $B;@@-$N6/$$;@@-1+$,IQHK$K9_$kCO0h$G@83h$7$F$$$k?M!9$N?MBN$K$O!$;@@-1+$K$h$k1F6A$O$J$$$N$G$9$+!)(B
        $B"'D>@\$N1F6A$O!$E7?e$r0{$_?e$K$7$F$$$k>l9g$K!$;@@-1+$KMO$19~$`=E6bB0$,A}$($k$3$H$K$h$k$J$I!$5)$K$7$+Js9p$5$l$F$$$^$;$s$,!$@8BV3XE*$J4V@\8z2L$O$"$j$^$9$7!$;@@-1+$N$b$H$K$J$kN22+;@2=J*$K$h$kBg5$1x@w$=$N$b$N$,8F5[4o7O$K1F6A$rM?$($k$3$H$OIQHK$KJs9p$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $B?9NS8:>/N($,$,ES>e9q$G9b$/$F@h?J9q$G0BDj$^$?$OA}2C$H$$$&$3$H$J$i!$LZ:`$NM"=P$r6X;_$9$k$H$$$&$N$O$I$&!)(B
        $B"'$?$V$s!$@$3&7P:Q$X$N1F6A$,Bg$-$9$.$k$N$G!$0l5$$Ke9q$N7P:Q$rGKC>$5$;$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#(B
        $BG.BS1+NS$N8:>/$,/$N860x$H$$$&$3$H$G$9$,!$G.BS1+NS$X$N@h?J=t9q$NJ]8n$J$I$O$I$l$/$i$$8z2L$,$"$k$N$G$9$+!)(B
        $B"'DjNLE*$J8z2L$OITL@$G$9!#$7$+$7!$4D6-(BNGO$B$K$h$k%(%3%U%)%l%9%H%j!<$J$I$N3hF0$O0lDj$N@.2L$r$"$2$F$$$k$H8@$o$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $B;qNA$NCf$K$*$$$F!$F|K\$N?9NS$O0BDj$7$F$$$k$3$H$K$J$C$F$$$k$,!$:#8=:_$N$h$&$JBgNL@8;:!&BgNL>CHq$rB3$1$F$$$l$P!$$4$_=hM}>l$J$I$$$m$$$m$J;\@_$NA}@_$,I,MW$K$J$C$F$/$k$N$G!$6a$$>-Mh!$F|K\$N?9NS$O8:>/798~$K$J$C$F$/$k$N$G$O!)(B
        $B"';:6HGQ4~J*$r9q30$K$7$P$i$/0cK!Ej4~$7$F$$$?;v7o$,$"$j$^$7$?$,!$:G6a$O;q8;$NM-8zMxMQ$r$9$k0UL#$b$"$C$F!$%<%m!&%(%_%C%7%g%s$rL\;X$94k6H$,A}$($F$-$F$$$^$9!#$=$&$$$&@8;:CJ3,$NEXNO$KHf$Y$k$H!$>CHqCJ3,$G$O$^$@L5BL$,B?$$$N$G$9$,!$IT67$G$b$"$j$^$9$7!$BgNL>CHq$OB3$+$J$$$N$G$O$J$$$+$H;W$$$^$9!#(B
        $B?9NS$,8:>/$7$?$3$H$G@dLG$7$?$+@dLG$N4m81$,$"$k@8J*$O!)(B
        $B"'Bg7?NnD9N`!J%^%&%s%F%s%4%j%i$d%*%i%s%&!<%?%s!K$O!$?9NS$N8:>/$K$h$C$F5^B.$K8DBN?t$,8:$C$F$$$kF0J*$G$9!#(B
        $B?9NS8:>/$,CO5e29CH2=$ND>@\860x!)(B
        $B"'C:;@F12=:nMQ$K$h$kFs;@2=C:AG$N5[<}$,8:$k$3$H$H!$%P%$%*%^%9$H$7$F?9NS$K8GDj$5$l$F$$$kC:AG$,J|=P$5$l$k$3$H$rDL$7$F!$Bg5$Cf$NFs;@2=C:AGG;EY>e>:$K4sM?$9$k$H$$$&0UL#$G!$?9NS8:>/$OCO5e29CH2=$K4sM?$9$k$G$7$g$&!#5U$K!$CO5e29CH2=$HBg5$CfFs;@2=C:AGG;EY$N>e>:$N$*$+$2$G!$Cf0^EY$+$i9b0^EYCOJ}$N?KMUe>:$7$F$$$J$$$3$H$b;XE&$5$l$F$$$^$9!J;29M!'=;L@@5!VCO5e29CH2=$N??/$@$1$,860x$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
        $B%"%U%j%+$NCO0h$J$I$O!$(BUNFF$B$H$+$K$O2CLA$7$F$$$J$$$N$+!)(B
        $B"'(BUNFF$B$O9qO"$NAH?%$G!$$9$Y$F$N9qO"2CLA9q$,%a%s%P!<%7%C%W$r$b$D$H$5$l$F$$$^$9!#%"%U%j%+=t9q$K$D$$$F$b!$%J%$%8%'%j%"$O;vL36I$K$bF~$C$F$$$^$9!#LdBj$O!$9q:]E*$J$B?9NSLdBj$ONI$/e$2$i$l$k$,!$2?$+6qBNE*$JBP:v$O9T$C$F$$$k$N$+!)(B
        $B"'9V5A$GOC$7$?$h$&$J9q:]E*$Je$,$i$J$$$N$,8=l$N2<$G$O2A3J6%AhNO$,Dc$/$J$C$F$7$^$$!$%7%'%"$,Mn$A$^$9!#(B
        $B"'2A3J6%AhNO$,Dc$/$F$b2?$i$+$N:9JL2=$K$h$C$F!$>CHqZ%7%9%F%`!W$H$$$&$B?9NSG'>Z@)EY8&5f2q(B$B!K!#(B1993$BG/$K!$4D6-J]8nCDBN$d2J3X$B!V?9NS4IM}6(5D2q(B(FSC)$B!W(B$B$H$$$&AH?%$r%a%-%7%3$K@_N)$7!$CfN)$G2J3XE*$JBh;0Z$r;O$a$^$7$?!#$=$3$GG'>Z$5$l$??9NS!J(B2001$BG/(B11$B7n(B8$BF|IU$1$GA4@$3&9g7W(B23,837,810 ha$B!K$+$i:N$i$l$?LZ:`5Z$S$=$l$r86NA$H$9$k@=IJ$K$O(BFSC$B%^!<%/$,$D$1$i$l$^$9!#F|K\$G$b!$;0=E8)$NB.?eNS6H!J;29M!'(B$B4D6-(Bgoo$B$K7G:\$5$l$F$$$k!$BeI=$X$N%$%s%?%S%e!<(B$B!K$,!$%R%N%-$rCf?4$H$7$?Ls(B1070 ha$B$N?9NS$K$D$$$FG'>Z$rZ!*!!CO5e$N;q8;%&%=!&%[%s%H!W9VCL

        $BBh(B23$B2s!V3+H/$H4D6-1F6AI>2A!W!J(B2001$BG/(B11$B7n(B29$BF|!K(B

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $B;29MJ88%(B
        $B"'EgDE9/CK!V;TL1$+$i$N4D6-%"%;%9%a%s%H!W(BNHK$B%V%C%/%9(B
        $B"'>>1:$5$H;RJT!V$=$7$F!$433c$O;D$C$?!W%j%Y%k%?=PHG(B
        $B"'>.AR5*M:JT!VEl5~OQ!<(B100$BG/$N4D6-JQA+!$B4D6-1F6AI>2AK!!JJ?@.6eG/K!N'BhH,==0l9f!K!A(B1999$BG/(B6$B7n(B12$BF|;\9T(B
        $BBh0l>r(B$B!!$3$NK!N'$O!"EZCO$N7A>u$NJQ99!"9):nJ*$N?7@_Ey$N;v6H$r9T$&;v6H2A$r9T$&$3$H$,4D6-$NJ]A4>e6K$a$F=EMW$G$"$k$3$H$K$+$s$,$_!"4D6-1F6AI>2A$K$D$$$F9qEy$N@UL3$rL@$i$+$K$9$k$H$H$b$K!"5,LO$,Bg$-$/4D6-1F6A$NDxEY$,Cx$7$$$b$N$H$J$k$*$=$l$,$"$k;v6H$K$D$$$F4D6-1F6AI>2A$,E,@Z$+$D1_3j$K9T$o$l$k$?$a$N=jMW$N;v9`$rDj$a!"$=$N2A$N7k2L$r$=$N;v6H$K78$k4D6-$NJ]A4$N$?$a$NA$N$=$N;v6H$NFbMF$K4X$9$k7hDj$KH?1G$5$;$k$?$a$NA-Mh$N9qL1$N7r9/$GJ82=E*$J@83h$N3NJ]$K;q$9$k$3$H$rL\E*$H$9$k!#(B
        $BBhFs>r(B$B!!$3$NK!N'$K$*$$$F!V4D6-1F6AI>2A!W$H$O!"(B$B;v6H!JFCDj$NL\E*$N$?$a$K9T$o$l$k0lO"$NEZCO$N7A>u$NJQ99!J$3$l$HJ;$;$F9T$&$7$e$s$;$D$r4^$`!#!KJB$S$K9):nJ*$N?7@_5Z$SA}2~C[$r$$$&!#0J2$N?M$N3hF0$,Ev3:;v6H$NL\E*$K4^$^$l$k>l9g$K$O!"$3$l$i$N3hF0$KH<$C$F@8$:$k1F6A$r4^$`!#0J22A$r9T$&$H$H$b$K!"$3$l$i$r9T$&2aDx$K$*$$$F$=$N;v6H$K78$k4D6-$NJ]A4$N$?$a$NAl9g$K$*$1$k4D6-1F6A$rAm9gE*$KI>2A$9$k$3$H(B$B$r$$$&!#(B
        $B4D6-1F6AI>2A$N$B"'7W2h$r:n$kCJ3,$GBeBX0F$r4^$a$F;vA0$K8!F$$9$k!J7W2h%"%;%9%a%s%H!K(B
        $B"';v6HM=DjCO$d5,LO!$;v6H$NL\E*$J$I$r8!F$$7$?>e$G;v6H7W2h$rH/I=$9$k(B
        $B"';v6H2A!J;v6H$B"'I,MW$H$J$C$?>l9g!$;v6H7W2h$K=>$C$?4D6-I>2A$N$d$jJ}!$D4::$N9`L\$dHO0O$rDj$a$?J}K!=q$r8xI=$7$F9-$/0U8+$r5a$a$k(B
        $B"'J}K!=q$K=>$C$FD4::$HM=B,$r9T$$!$1F6A$NM-L5$HBP:v$r=R$Y$?=`Hw=q$r8xI=$7!$0U8+$r5a$a$k(B
        $B"'0U8+$rF'$^$($FI>2A=q$,=P$5$l$k(B
        $B"'0U8+$K$O4D6-Aj5Z$S4X78>JD#$N0U8+$b4^$^$l$k(B
        $B"'I>2A=q$,=$@5$r$&$1!$;v6H$N@'Hs$,7h$^$k(B
        $B"(F|K\$G$O;v6H$l$NLr3d$r$b$C$F;22C$9$k$N$GJ#;($J$+$1$R$-$,@8$8$k!#JF9q$G$O$I$NCJ3,$G$bBeBX0F$NDs<($H0lHL;TL1$X$N>pJs8x3+$r4^$`!#%$%s%?!<%M%C%H@\B34D6-$NIa5Z$K$h$C$F!$F|K\$G$b(Bweb$B$+$i$N>pJs8x3+$,?J$`$h$&$K$J$C$F$-$F$$$k!J(B$B4D6-1F6AI>2A>pJs;Y1g%M%C%H%o!<%/(B$B$K$OG|Bg$JJ8=q$d%G!<%?$,C_@Q$5$l$F$$$k!K!#(B
        $B;XE&$5$l$F$$$kLdBjE@(B
        $B"'!V%"%o%;%a%s%H!W!A$3$l$O$+$J$j2~A1$5$l$?(B
        $B"';v6H$B"':GDc8BK~$?$9$Y$-4p=`$,$J$$(B
        $B"'J}K!=q$NFbMF$r=$@5$9$k$B"'Am9gI>2A$r9T$&J}K!$,=q$+$l$F$$$J$$(B
        $B"'@8BV7O$,HsDj>o$G$"$k$H$$$&G'<1$,Gv$$(B
        $B"';v6H$,@8BV7O$KM?$($k1F6A$r6qBNE*$K$I$&I>2A$9$k$+$,>\$7$/=q$+$l$F$$$J$$(B
        $BAm9gI>2A$r9T$&$K$O!)(B
        $B"'0[$J$k<4$rE}9g$9$k$3$H$OFq$7$$!#@8J*B?MM@-$H$$$&<4$@$1$G$b!$5)>/2A$9$k$3$H$OHs>o$K:$Fq$G$"$k!#(B
        $B"'4D6-7P:Q3X$N2>A[I>2AK!(B(CVM)$B$r1~MQ$9$k$J$I$7$F!$$9$Y$F$N<4$rF1$8C10L$KE}0l$7$F9g7W$9$l$P!$$"$k0UL#$G$OAm9gI>2A$K$J$k$,!$BEEv@-$OITL@(B
        $B"'%7%9%F%`%@%$%J%_%/%9%b%G%k!$%^%k%A%(!<%8%'%s%H%b%G%k$J$I$G!$$9$Y$F$N<4$K4XO"$r$b$?$;!$%"%&%H%W%C%H$rB?LLE*$KI>2A$9$l$P!$Am9gE*$JGD0.$K9W8%$O$9$k$H;W$o$l$k!#$?$@$7!$2>Dj$,A}$($k$3$H$H!$2r$,F@$i$l$k$o$1$G$O$J$$$3$H$+$i9M$($l$P!$7h$7$F==J,$H$O$$$($J$$!#(B

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B!V%"%o%;%a%s%H!W$C$F2?!)!!!J$B"';v6H$r$B;XE&$5$l$F$$$kLdBjE@$,B?$$$N$O2?8N!)!!BP:v$5$l$J$$$N!)!!!J$B"'LdBjE@$,B?$$$N$O!$#2$D$NM}M3$,$"$j$^$9!##1$D$O!$Mx324X78$H$NMm$_$GEy4W$K$5$l$F$$$k$3$H$G!$$3$l$O>pJs8x3+$HBh;0$B?M$N$B"'%_%F%#%2!<%7%g%s$H8F$P$l$^$9!#$$$C$?$s%3%s%/%j!<%H$G8n4_$5$l$F$7$^$C$?EZ$9$H$$$C$?9);v$,M-L>$G$9!#;0HV@%%U%)!<%i%`$N7W2h$O%"%^%b$N@8$($kAt>l$r:F@8$7$h$&$H$$$&$b$N$G$9$,!$4JC1$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
        $B2A$NAm9gI>2A$O$I$N$h$&$K$7$F$$$k$N$G$7$g$&$+!)!!$=$N;~!9$G0c$&$N$G$7$g$&$+!)(B
        $B"'$O$C$-$j$H$O$o$+$j$^$;$s$,!$Am9gI>2A$O$J$5$l$J$$$+!$$"$k$$$Ol9g$,B?$$$H;W$$$^$9!#(B
        $B8w32$H$O2?$,860x$G!$$I$s$J8x32$,5/$3$k!)!!8w2=3X%9%b%C%0$N0l$B"'8w2=3X%9%b%C%0$O!$8w2=3X%*%-%7%@%s%H$H$$$&J*N$G!$7r9/Ho32$dG@:nJ*$X$NHo32$r$b$?$i$7$^$9!#8w32$H$OL54X78$G$9!#(B
        $B"'8w32!J!V$R$+$j$,$$!W$HFI$`$N$,IaDL$J$h$&$G$9!K$O!$%M%*%s$d39Et$N8w$K$h$C$FLk4V!$@1$,$h$/8+$($J$/$J$k$J$I$N1F6A$,=P$k$3$H$G$9!#Lk4V$N?M9)8w$OF;O)!&9RO)$J$I$N0BA43NJ]$dET;T5!G=$r0];}$9$k>e$GIT2D7g$G$9$,!$I,MW0J>e$KL@$k$$$H%(%M%k%.!<$rO2Hq$7!$E7BN4QB,$r:$Fq$K$7!$F0?"J*$N@8BV$KJQ2=$r$b$?$i$92DG=@-$,$"$j$^$9!JLk9T@-$NF0J*$N9TF07w$,JQ2=$9$k$J$I!K!#(B
        $BEl5~OQ$NOC$G!$;0HV@%$,$"$k$H$$$&$3$H$O!$0lHV!$FsHV$b$"$k$s$G$9$+!)(B
        $B"'0lHV$O$J$/!$$h$$5y>l$G$"$k@u@%$K$D$$$F!$A%66$N5y;UD.$K6a$$$[$&$+$i=g$K!$9b@%!$FsHV@%!$;0HV@%$H8F$P$l$?$i$7$$$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!J=PE5!'!VCOM}!W(B2001$BG/(B11$B7n9f(Bpp.42$B!K(B
        $Bk]AaOQ$rJD$8$FF@$i$l$?NI$$8z2L$C$F$"$k!)!!:#$I$&$J$C$F$$$k$N!)(B
        $B"'43Bs$NL\E*$O!$G@CO$r:n$k$3$H$H!$?e32BP:v$G$7$?!#G@?e>J$NH/I=$K$h$l$P?e32BP:v$O8z2L$r$"$2$F$$$k$H$$$&$3$H$G$9$7!J>.LnJ?Ln$G#4!$#5F|$KEO$C$FC9?e$,$"$C$FG@;:J*Ho32$,#12/#7I4K|1_$K>e$C$?$N$K!$D,l9g!$Am1+NL$,(B342$B%_%j$H>/$J$+$C$?!]$H$O$$$(!$(B80$BG/$K#1EY$NBg9k1+$G$7$?$,!]$N$G!$C1=c$K$OHf3S$G$-$^$;$s!K!$D4@0CS$N?e0L$r2<$2$?$3$H$K$h$C$F<~JU43BsCO$,4%$$$FG@CO$H$7$F$b=;4D6-$H$7$F$bNI$/$J$C$?$H43Bs$r?d?J$7$F$-$?2,K\;a$O<+8JI>2A$7$F$$$^$9!#$7$+$7!$G@CO6!5k$H$$$&E@$K4X$7$F$O!$=tHL$N;v>p$+$i<{MW$,$J$/$J$C$F$-$F$$$k$N$G!$:#$G$b0UL#$,$"$k$H$$$&?M$O$"$^$j$$$^$;$s!J@$3&<+A3J]8n4p6b%8%c%Q%s!$F|K\<+A3J]8n6(2q!$F|K\LnD;$N2q$+$i9gF1$G=P$5$l$?(B2001$BG/(B9$B7n(B7$BF|IU$1$NDs8@$K$O!$!VD4@0CS$N?e9)6h$K$b3$?e$r:FF3F~$7$F433c$r:F@8$9$k$3$H$,kp$o$l$F$$$^$9!K!#(B
        $B"'D,uBV$G$9!#$G$9$+$i!$$=$N$^$^3+Lg$9$k$H!$0l5$$KE%?e$,9??e$N$h$&$KM-L@3$$KN.$l=P$7$F!$Dle$2$i$l!$M-L@3$$N1x@w$,$R$I$/$J$k$HM=B,$5$l$^$7$?!#D4@0CS$N?e0L$HD,0L$,$"$^$j:9$,$J$$$H$-$@$13+Lg$9$k$H$$$C$?$5$^$6$^$J%7%J%j%*$,8!F$$5$l$^$7$?$,!$9g0U$K;j$C$F$$$^$;$s!J(B2002$BG/(B4$B7n0J9_$K7W2h$5$l$F$$$^$9!K!#$^$?!$DiKI$N30B&$K$OBg5,LO$JIO;@AG?e2t$,$"$C$F!$DiKI$K6a$$$[$IMOB8;@AGG;EY$,Dc$/$J$C$F$$$k$H$$$&D4::7k2L$,(B2001$BG/(B8$B7n$KF|K\<+A3J]8n6(2q$+$i8xI=$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $B"';29M$K$J$k%5%$%H$X$N%j%s%/=8(B
        $B$$$^$@$K0&CNK|Gn$N@WCO$rCDCO$K$9$k7W2h$C$FB8:_$9$k$N$G$9$+!)(B
        $B"'(B2000$BG/(B4$B7n(B4$BF|IU$1$G!$!V?7=;Bp;T39CO3+H/;v6H$O9T$o$J$$!W$H$$$&9g0U$,0&CN8)CN;v$+$iH/I=$5$l$F$$$^$9!#9q:]K|Gn6(2q$+$i=;Bp7z@_$H$NJ,N%$,6/$/MW5a$5$l$?$?$a!$(B2000$BG/(B12$B7n$N?3::$rDL$k$h$&$K$HBE6($5$l$?$=$&$G$9!#K|Gn3+:EM=DjCO$N$&$A!$3$>e$N?9!J$+$$$7$g$N$b$j!KCO6h$O!$CO2.$5$J5V$NCfJ"$K$bM/$-?e$,$"$j!$<>CO$,$"$j!$$=$3$K$O$3$NCO6h$KFCD'E*$J4u>/l=j$G$b$"$k!K!$K-$+$JN$;3$G$9!#$=$N$?$a!$$=$3$rJ]A4$7$h$&$H$$$&1?F0$,A49qE*$K5/$3$j!$$=$l$,G'$a$i$l$k7A$G!$?9$r$G$-$k$@$13+H/$7$J$$$h$&$K7W2h$,JQ99$5$l$?$N$G$9!#(B
        $B"';29M$K$J$k%5%$%H$X$N%j%s%/=8(B


        $BBh(B24$B2s!V9g@.2=3XJ*

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $B;29M;qNA(B
        $B"'0KF#2E>$B"'%7!<%"!&%3%k%\!<%s$i(B(1997)$B!VC%$o$l$7L$Mh!W!JfF1K$B"'%7!<%"!&%3%k%\!<%s!$M\O7LR;J!$9b?y!!Z{!$EDJU?.2p!$0f8}BY@t!$KY8}IR9(!$?9!!@iN$!$9a;3ITFsM:!$DGMULP$B"'9b?y!!Z{!$0f8}BY@t!JJT!K(B(1998)$B!V4D6-%[%k%b%s!W!J4]A1%i%$%V%i%j!$B2=3XJ*2A$B"'2=3XJ*$B"'1F6A$,=P$k$^$G$N;~4V!J5^@-FG@-!$0!5^@-FG@-!$K}@-FG@-!$7P@$BeFG@-!K(B
        $B"'8=$l$k>I>u!JH/%,%s@-!$:E4q@-!$46:n@-!$@8?#FG@-!$LH1VFG@-Ey!K(B
        $B"'$7$-$$CM$NM-L5!J3NN(E*1F6A!$Hs3NN(E*1F6A!K(B
        $B"'$B"':nMQ5!9=!JFbJ,Hg3IMp@-!$JQ0[86@-!$:YK&Kl>c32@-Ey!K(B
        $B"'1F6A$N=P$kB!4o$J$I!J?UFG@-!$4NFG@-!$?4B!FG@-!$?@7PFG@-$J$I!K(B
        $B"'1F6A$r$B2=3XJ*$B"'@8J*E*G;=L$,5/$3$C$F!$?)J*O":?$N>e0L$N@8J*$KBg$-$/1F6A$9$kJ*$B"';DN1@-$,LdBj!#8=:_$O:n$C$F$$$J$$(BDDT$B$d(BPCB$B$,4D6-Cf$K;D$C$FFG@-$rH/4x$9$k(B
        $BFG@-$NI>2A$B"'%"%;%9%a%s%H$K$*$$$F!$8DBN72%l%Y%k$GFG@-$,$"$C$?$HH=Dj$9$k4p=`$O!$!J#1!KB?$/$N8DBN$,;`$L!$!J#2!K:F@8;:NO$,82Cx$KMn$A$k!$!J#3!KK-IY$5$,82Cx$KMn$A$k!$!J#4!KJ,I[0h$,82Cx$K69$/$J$k!$!J#5!K8DBN72$,@dLG$9$k!$!J#6!K0dEAE*B?MM@-$,Dc2<$9$k!$!J#7!K8DBN72$N$B"'%R%H$KBP$9$kFG@-$NI>2A4p=`$H$7$F$O!$B;<:M>L?$,MQ$$$i$l$k$3$H$,B?$$!#2A$K$J$C$F$$$k!#(B
        $B@8J*E*G;=L(B(biological concentration)
        $B"'!JNc!K(BPCB$B$N@8J*G;=L(B
        • PCB$B$O;iMO@-$J$N$G!$;iKCAH?%$KC_@Q$9$k(B
        • $B@8J*$N0\F0$dBg5$Bg=[4D!$3$N.$J$I$K$h$C$F3H;6$9$k!#KL6K3$$N(BPCB$B$O$*$=$i$/8^Bg8P$"$?$j$,5/8;!)(B
        • $B%"%6%i%7$G$O4D6-Cf%l%Y%k$N#52/G\$KC#$7!$%[%C%-%g%/%0%^$G$O$=$l0J>e$H$$$&%G!<%?$b$"$k(B
        • $B%@%$%*%-%7%s$b;iMO@-$@$,!$(BPCB$B$[$I$OG;=L$5$l$J$$(B
        $B%[%k%b%s3h@-$r$b$D2=3XJ*$B"';29M!'(Bhttp://homepage2.nifty.com/takhorio/text7/text7.html
        $B$$$o$f$k4D6-%[%k%b%s$HLn@8F0J*$N4X78(B
        $B"';29M!'(B$B$+$J$,$o$N4D6-(B
        $B@:;R?t8:>/!)(B
        $B"'F0J*$B"'J#?t$NJ88%%G!<%?$N%a%?%"%J%j%7%9$N7k2L$O3%?'!J!V2J3X!W(B1999$BG/(B1$B7n9fFIH!K(B
        $B"':G6a$NF|K\$N%G!<%?$G8:$C$F$$$J$$$b$N$,$"$k(B
        $B"'8:$C$F$$$k=8CD$,B8:_$9$k$,!$%j%9%/0x;R$NFCDj$O$^$@(B

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B8=:_PCB$B$OA4LLE*$K@8;:6X;_$5$l$F$$$^$9$7!$(BDDT$B$bES>e9q$G$N%^%i%j%"BP:v$J$I8B$i$l$?MQES0J30$K$O@8;:$dN.DL$,6X;_$5$l$F$$$k$N$G!$D9$$4V$K$O8:$C$F$$$/$H;W$o$l$^$9!#:#8e!$0U?^E*$K@8;:$5$l$kJ*DDT$B$d(BPCB$B$N;DN1@-$O!$2?G/@h$/$i$$$^$G1F6A$,;D$k$N$G$9$+!)(B
        $BEZ>mCf$G$O!$$$$/$D$+$NHy@8J*$K$h$C$F4K$d$+$KJ,2r$5$l$k$3$H$,:G6aJ,$+$C$F$-$^$7$?!#$=$l$G$b!$H>J,$K8:$k$N$K(BDDT$B$G(B4$BG/!A(B10$BG/!J;29M!'(Bhttp://homepage1.nifty.com/remediation/pops/POPs.htm$B!K$+$+$k$=$&$G$9!#H>8:4|$,(B100$BG/!J(Bhttp://www.jca.ax.apc.org/tokyojic/jic-iguci.html$B!K$H$$$&Js9p$b$"$k$h$&$G$9!JHy@8J*$,K3$7$$EZ>m$G$NCM$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!K!#(B
        $B%+%I%_%&%`:.$8$j$N%3!<%I$_$?$$$J$b$N$r@V$A$c$s$J$I?M4V$,$+$8$C$?$j$9$k$H!$2?$+0[JQ$,5/$-$k2DG=@-$O$"$j$^$9$+!)(B
        $B%+%I%_%&%`$NFG@-$O!$9|$NCf$G%+%k%7%&%`$HCV49$9$k$3$H$GH/4x$5$l$kK}@-FG@-!J%+%I%_%&%`$r4^$`?)J*$r@]l$G%+%I%_%&%`%R%e!<%`$r5[$$$D$E$1$k$H$+!K$,o$O5/$-$J$$$H;W$$$^$9!#$B8x32IB$N860xJ*$B%+%I%_%&%`$O3$?e$KHf$Y$F5{N`$G$NG;EY$,(B7500$BG\!J3$?e$KBP$9$k5{N`$G$NG;=L78?t$,(B7500$B!K$HJs9p$5$l$F$$$^$9!JITGK7I0lO:!V@8BN$H=E6bB0!W9VCLhttp://www.nihs.go.jp/DCBI/PUBLIST/ehchsg/ehctran/tran1/cadmi-en.html$B!K!#$?$@$7!$%R%H$N%+%I%_%&%`@]$B2=3XJ*$B$b$A$m$s0c$$$^$9!#$G$9$+$i!$0lHL$K!$F0J*

        $BBh(B25$B2s!V@$3&?M8}M=B,$HCO5e$N4D6-MFNL!W!J(B2001$BG/(B12$B7n(B13$BF|!K(B

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $B;29MJ88%(B
        $B"'%^%k%5%9!V?M8}O@!WCf8xJ88K!$(B1973$BG/!J@83h:b$,Ey:9?tNsE*$K$7$+A}2C$7$J$$$N$K?M8}$,EyHf?tNsE*$KA}2C$9$k$+$i@83h?e=`$r0];}$9$k$K$O?M8}M^@)$,I,MW$@$HO@$8$?8EE5!#86Cx=iHG$O(B1798$BG/4)!K(B
        $B"'BgDMLxB@O:!&54F,9(!VCO5e?M8}(B100$B2/$N@$5*!'?MN`$O$J$$B"'%8%g%(%k!&#E!&%3!<%(%sCx!$=EDjFnF`;R!&@%LnM5H~!&9b?\IW8gLu!X?7!V?M8}O@!W!'@8BV3XE*%"%W%m!<%A!Y!$G@J86(!$(B1998$BG/!JBgJQ$KLLGr$$K\$@$,!$(B600$B%Z!<%80J>e$ND9$5$,$"$j!$(B6800$B1_$H9b2A!K(B
        $B@$3&?M8}$NNr;KE*?d0\(B
        $B"'(BKremer (1993)$B$N?dDjCM!J2<5-$NJF9q%;%s%5%96I$N%5%$%H$+$iF~R$B$r;H$C$F!J(Bwpop.R [=768 bytes]$B!K?^<($9$k$H!$2<$N$h$&$K$J$k!#IaDL$N<4!J:8>e!K$G$_$k$H6aG/$N5^A}$,7c$7$9$.$F=i4|$NJQ2=$,$o$+$i$J$$$,!$N>BP?t$G%W%m%C%H$9$k$H!J1&2u!J(BDeevey$B$N3,CJ!$$H8F$P$l$k!K$K8+$($k!#(B10000$BG/$[$IA0$^$G$O!$%R%H$be$,$j!$(B200$BG/$[$IA0$N;:6H3WL?$GHs@8J*E*;q8;$rBg5,LO$K;H$&$h$&$K$J$C$F$5$i$K4D6-<}MFNO$,>e$,$C$?$H$$$&5DO@$,$"$k!#(B
        Historical changes of world population
        $B"'(B1750$BG/0JA0$OG/?M8}A}2CN($O(B0.5%$B0J2e!#(B
        $B"'(BUS Census Bureau$B$N(BWorld PopClock$B$K$h$k$H!$(B2001$BG/(B12$B7n(B12$BF|$N@$3&?M8}$OLs(B61$B2/(B9200$BK|?M!#(B
        $B?M8}JQ2=$NFbLu(B
        $B"'9bNpe$N3d9g$,(B1.5$BG\6a$/$J$C$?!#(B
        $B"'%(%M%k%.!<>CHq$NA}2C!'?M4V$,4IM}$9$kHs@8J*E*%(%M%k%.!<$O(B1860$BG/$K$OG/4V#1?MEv$?$j(B0.9MW$B$@$C$?$,!$(B1990$BG/$K$O(B19MW$B$KA}2C!#(B
        $B"'ET;T?M8}HfN($NA}2C!'(B1800$BG/$K$O?M8}#2K|?M0J>e$NET;T$K=;$s$G$$$??M$?$A$N3d9g$O(B2%$B!$(B1995$BG/$K$O(B45%$B!#(B1995$BG/$K$OCO5e>e$N?M4V$N(B17%$B0J>e$,?M8}(B75$BK|0J>e$NBgET;T$K=8Cf!#(B
        $B"'(BAIDS Pandemic$B$K$h$C$F!$@$3&?M8}M=B,$O2$B8EE5E*LdBj(B
        $B"'?M8}$H?)NH$N%8%l%s%^(B
        • $B5*85A0(B1600$BG/$h$jA0$N=v;v;m$K!$?M8}2a>j$H!$IB5$$dE7:R$dITG%$,$=$l$rD4@0$9$k?@$N28C~$G$"$k$H$$$&9M$(J}$,=P$F$$$k(B
        • $B%.%j%7%"$N=v;v;m!V%-%W%j%"!W$G$b!$!VCO5e>e$N?M8}$,2a>j$K$J$i$J$$$h$&$K?@$,@oAh$d1VIB$r2]$7$F$$$k!W$H$"$k(B
        • $B5*85A0(B500$BG/:"!$4ZHs;R!VB);R$N?t$,#5?M$H$$$&$N$,B?$$$H;W$o$l$J$/$J$C$F$$$k$N$G!$?M8}2a>j$K$J$C$FIY$,8:$k!W(B
        $B"'%m%8%9%F%#%C%/@.D9$G2r7h!)(B
        $B"'G@9L$N=8Ls2=!J2=3XHnNA$HG@Lt$r;H$C$?O+F/=8LsE*$J!$9bEjF~9b<}3O$NG@9L!K$H^u^t$J$I$K$h$kG@CO$N3+H/!J0l;~4|!$!VNP$N3WL?!W$H8F$P$l!$$b$F$O$d$5$l$?!K$rDL$7$F$N?)NHA};:$G$b2r7h!)(B
        20$B@$5*Kv0J9_$NLdBj(B
        $B"'?)NHA};:$,4D6-Ii2Y$NJI$KEv$?$k!JEZ>mNt2=!$CO2$B"'?M8}$H?)NH$N%8%l%s%^$,!$?)NH$H4D6-$N%8%l%s%^$HAjMF$l$J$$2DG=@-(B
        $B"'?M8}8:>/$O2r!#(BW.J. Karplus (1992) $B!V2f!9$N;~Be$N%+%?%9%H%m%U$K$D$$$F$N2J3XE*M=B,!W$G!$!V?M8}2a>j$O$3$NK\$G5DO@$5$l$?$[$H$s$I$N%+%?%9%H%m%U$N:,8;$G$"$k!#@$3&$N?M8}$,8=:_$N?e=`$N(B50%$B$"$k$$$O(B75%$B$N%l%Y%k$K0BDj$K0];}$5$l$F$$$5$($9$l$P!$$[$H$s$I$N4D6-LdBj$d8x=01R@8LdBj$O$h$j4JC1$KBP=h$G$-$k$G$"$m$&!W(B
        $B@$3&?M8}M=B,J}K!(B
        $B"'8+$+$1$NJQ2=$K9g$o$;$?C1=c$J%b%G%k!a?t3XE*30A^K!!J
      4. $B;X?tE*A}2C%b%G%k(B: dN/dt=rN$B!$B($A(BN=N0exp(rt)$B!#(B
      5. $B%m%8%9%F%#%C%/A}2C%b%G%k(B: dN/dt=rN(K-N)
      6. $B:G8e$N?3H=F|%b%G%k(B: $BAjBPA}2CB.EY$,8=:_?M8}$KHfNc!#B($A!$(BdN/dt=rN2$B!#(B1958$BG/$^$G$N%G!<%?$KEv$F$O$a$k$H!$(B2026$BG/$K$OL58BBg$KH/;6$7$F$7$^$&$,!$(B1980$BG/:"$^$G$ONI$/Ev$F$O$^$k!JAjBPA}2CN($,=i$a$O$G$O9b$9$.!K!#8=/$KE>$8$?$N$GH]Dj$5$l$?!#(B
      7. $B;X?tE*A}2C$NOB$N%b%G%k(B: $B#2$D$NItJ,=8CD!J@h?J9q$HES>e9q!K$KJ,$1$F!$$=$l$>$l$,;X?tE*A}2C$r$9$k$H9M$($?$b$N!#$=$l$[$I0-$/$O$J$$!#(B
      8. $BN>BP?t$G@~$NEv$F$O$a!'IaDL$N<4$KLa$7$F$_$k$H!$$+$J$jNI$/Ev$F$O$^$C$F$$$k$h$&$K8+$($k$,!$N>BP?t%0%i%U<+BN$OL@$i$+$KD>@~$G$O$J$$$N$G%@%a!#(BR$B$Gwpopfit.R [777 bytes]$B!K!$(Blog10($B?M8}(B)=4.9263-0.9157*log10($B8=:_$+$iAL$kG/?t(B)$B$H$$$&2s5"<0$,F@$i$l$k!#(B
        fit for log-log world population growth
        $B"'%3%&%[!<%HMW0xK!!'(BCannan(1895)$B$,3+H/!#o$O=w@-?M8}$K$D$$$F$N$_9M$($k!#Dj$9$l$P!$#5:PL$K~?M8}$r=|$/!$#5G/8e$NG/Np3,5iJL?M8}$,?dDj$G$-$k!##5G/8e$N#5:PL$K~?M8}$O!$:F@8;:G/Np!JDL>o$O(B15$B:P$+$i(B49$B:P!K$N=w@-$K$D$$$F!$G/Np3,5iJL?M8}$HG/Np3,5iJLM-8z=P@8N(!J@8;D$9$k;R$I$b$K$D$$$F$N=P@8N(!K$r3]$1$l$PF@$i$l$k!#G/Np3,5iJLM-8z=P@8N($O!$0lHVC1=c$K$O!$#5G/A0$K3FG/Np3,5iJL=w@-?M8}$+$i@8$^$l$?8=:_$N#5:PL$K~=w;y?M8}$r#5G/A0$N3FG/Np3,5iJL=w@-?M8}$G3d$l$P?dDj$G$-$k$,!J@8;DN($HF1MM!$$=$l$,0];}$5$l$k$H9M$($?$j!$0lDj3d9g$GJQ2=$9$k$H2>Dj$7$?$j$9$k!K!$B>$NJ}K!$b$"$k!#0J>e$G#5G/8e$NG/Np3,5iJL=w@-?M8}$,F@$i$l$?$N$G!$8e$O$=$l$r7+$jJV$;$P$b$C$H@h$,?dDj$G$-$k!#CK@-?M8}$K$D$$$F$O!$=w@-?M8}$r#2G\$9$kJ}K!$NB>!$#5:P0J>e?M8}$O=w@-?M8}$HF1MM$KG/Np3,5iJL@8;DN($+$i5a$a$F!$#5:PL$K~?M8}$K4X$7$F$O=w@-?M8}$r(B1.05$BG\$9$k$H$$$&J}K!$J$I$,$"$k!#$3$l$K0\=;$N1F6A$rAH$_9g$o$;$F>-MhM=B,$r$9$k$N$,!$%3%&%[!<%HMW0xK!$G$"$k!#:GBg$NLdBj$O!$BEEv@-$N$"$k=P@8N(M=B,$@$H8@$o$l$F$$$k!#:G6a$G$OHrG%$B"'%7%9%F%`%@%$%J%_%/%9%b%G%k!'?M8}M=B,$K!$=P@8!$;`K4!$0\F0$@$1$G$O$J$/!$G@6H!$4D6-!$7P:Q!$@/<#!$J82=$=$NB>$NMW0x$N1F6A$r%b%G%k2=$7$FE}9g$7$h$&$H$$$&;n$_!#>r7oIU$-M=B,!J2<5-!K$K$J$i$6$k$rF@$J$$$7!$D94|E*$K$OL5NO$G$"$k!#%a%I%&%:$i$N!V@.D9$N8B3&!W!V8B3&$rD6$($F!W$GMQ$$$i$l$?(BWorld3$B$N7k2L$H$7$FF@$i$l$?!V$I$s$J%7%J%j%*$G$b!$?M8}$H;qK\$,;X?tE*$KA}2C$7!$$=$N8eJx2u$9$k!W$H$$$&M=B,$O@$3&Cf$K5DO@$r8F$s$@$,!$7k6I9g0U$K;j$i$J$+$C$?!#(BWorld3$B$NM=B,$,8=$B"'>r7oIU$-M=B,$HL5>r7oM=B,!'L5>r7o$NM=B,$OL5M}$G$"$k$H$o$+$C$F$-$?$N$G!$$J$s$i$+$N%7%J%j%*$rA[Dj$7$?>e$G$NM=B,!$$D$^$j2HB27W2h$K$h$C$F=P@8N($,2?%Q!<%;%s%HM^@)$5$l$k$H2>Dj$9$l$P?M8}$O$I$&$J$k!$$H$$$C$?7A$N!$>r7oIU$-M=B,$r$9$k$N$,8=$B?M4V$K4X$9$kCO5e$N4D6-5vMFNL$N?d7W!J%3!<%(%s$O#8$De$2$F$$$k$,!$$=$N$&$A#4$D$r>R2p$9$k!K(B
        $B"'!V%h!<%m%C%Q$N?"L1CO$H$7$F;D$5$l$F$$$kEZCO!W(B(Ravenstein, 1891)$B!$Ls(B59$B2/(B9400$BK|?M!'3FBgN&$K$"$k!$!VHnM`$JEZCO!W!V%9%F%C%WCO0h!W!V:=GyCO0h!W$=$l$>$l$NLL@Q$r?dDj$7!$HnM`$JEZCO$,9gM}E*$K9L:n$5$l$l$P#1J?J}%-%m$"$?$j(B80$B?M!$%9%F%C%WCO0h$G#1J?J}%-%m$"$?$jLs#4?M!$:=Gy$G#1J?J}%-%m$"$?$j#1?M$H$7$F!$$=$l$r9g7W$7$?$b$N!#3FCO0h$N@8;:NO$b!$$=$l$>$l$NLL@Q$bJQ$o$i$J$$$H$$$&2>Dj$r$7$F$$$k$N$G9g$o$J$$!#(B
        $B"'!V<+A3?MJ8COM}3X$NJ,$H$7$?!#:GBg0];}2DG=?M8}#P$r!$!V#P!a@8;:LL@Q!_C10LLL@Q$"$?$j@8;:NL!?8D?M$NJ?6QI,MW1IM\NL!W$HB*$(!J$3$N<0$O8eG/$NB>$N8&5fCHq$5$l$k$b$N$b$"$k!K!$(BPenck$B$N?dDj$O2aBg$K$J$j$,$A!#@$3&KG0W$,CO5e$NG@6H@8;:@-$K1F6A$7$J$$$H2>Dj$7$F$$$?$N$bLdBj!#(B
        $B"'!VCO5e$N@x:_@8;:NO$HCO5e$,M\$($k?M8}!W(B(De Wit, 1967)$B!$Am%Y%8%?%j%"%s$J$iLs(B1460$B2/?M!$Fy?)$r$7!$G@6H0J30$NEZCOMxMQ$b$9$k$HLs(B790$B2/?M!#8w9g@.$@$1$,@)8BMW0x$G$"$k$H$7$F!$$7$+$b?e$HEZ>m1IM\J,$,L58B$KF@$i$l!$0^EY$K$h$k8w6/EY$@$1$,8w9g@.$N@x:_G=NO5,Dj0x;R$G$"$k$H2>Dj$7$F7W;;$7$?$b$N$G!$$^$C$?$/8=r7oIU$-$NM=B,$J$N$G0UL#$,$J$$$o$1$G$O$J$$$,!$9rJ*$N@.D9$KI,MW$J4|4V$r9MN8$7$F$$$J$$$N$OK\$B"'!V0le>h$;$7$FJ|$7;t$$$d;DHSMxMQ$K$h$kF0J*$d5{$N@8;:NL$r9MN8$7$?$b$N$rMQ$$!$$=$l$r#1?M$"$?$j$NJ?6Q?)NAI,MWNL$G3d$C$F$$$k!#.$5$$H&$@$7!$?)NA$O@$3&$G6QEy$KG[J,$5$l$k$o$1$G$O$J$$$N$G!$Hs8=r7oIU$-?dDj$H$7$F$O0UL#$,$"$k!#(B
        $B%R%H$N1IM\MW5aNL$N?d7W(B
        $B"'(BKates$B$i$,;H$C$?$N$O!$(BFAO/WHO$B$K$h$kBN=E#1%-%m%0%i%`$"$?$j$KI,MW$JJ?6Q%+%m%j!$B"'(BJames and Schofield (1990)$B$K$h$k!$(B1985$BG/(BFAO$B$N<0$H(B1988$BG/$N(BFAO$B%G!<%?%Y!<%9$r;H$C$F!$(B12$B%v9q$K$D$$$F9qJL$K!$@-G/NpJL?M8}!$@-G/NpJLJ?6QBN=E!$4pACBe$B@$3&?M8}LdBj$N2r7h:v(B
        $B"'?M4V$N@8;:G=NO$r>e$2$k!A$3$l$,!$4D6-Ii2Y$H$N%3%s%U%j%/%H$G8B3&$K$-$F$$$k(B
        $B"'?M8}$r8:$i$9!ANQM}E*$KLdBj$"$j(B
        $B"'?M!9$N4V$NAj8_:nMQ$NMM<0$rJQ$($k!J;T>l86M}$@$1$rDI5a$9$k$N$G$O$J$/J?Ey$JH/E8$rL\;X$9$H$+!$

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B?M8}$NM=B,$r$7$F2?$K$J$k$N$+$h$/$o$+$i$J$$!#?M8}$NM=B,$O:R32$dIB5$$J$I$N$3$H$b9M$($F$$$k$N$+!#(B
        $BBP:v$rN)$F$k$?$a$KM=B,$OI,MW$G$9!#Nc$($P!$?)NA$d2=@PG3NA$J$I$N;q8;$N>CHqNL$rM=B,$9$k$?$a$K$b?M8}M=B,$OI,MW$G$9!#2=@PG3NA$OHs99?7;q8;$J$N$G!$8O3i$7$=$&$@$HM=B,$G$-$?$i>CHqNL$r8:$i$9$h$&$J9)IW$,$G$-$k$o$1$G!$$=$3$,?M4V$NFC@-$J$N$G$9!#IB5$$O;`K4M=B,$K4^$^$l$F$$$k$3$H$b$"$j$^$9$,!$CO?L$dDEGH!$BfIw$J$I$N:R32$O9M$($i$l$F$$$J$$$N$,IaDL$G$7$g$&!#(B
        1950$BG/:"$+$i!$$=$l$^$G$O3j$i$+$KA}$($F$$$?@$3&?M8}$,5^A}$7$F$$$k860x$O$J$s$G$9$+!)!!0eNE$NH/C#!)(B
        $BIaDL$N<4$G$O5^A}$7$F$$$k$h$&$K8+$($^$9$,!$A}2CN($r$_$k$H5^A}$7$F$$$k$o$1$G$O$J$/!$$+$($C$FDc2<$7$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $B:#!$IWIX$,;:$`;R$I$b$N?t$,Ls#1?M$H$$$&$3$H$G$9$,!$$3$N798~$,Be!9B3$$$F$$$/$J$i$P!$;R$I$b$N?t$OJ*@($/>/$J$/$J$k$H;W$&$N$G$9$,!$>/;R2=798~$O$3$N$^$^?J$s$G$$$/$N$G$7$g$&$+!)(B
        $B;C$/$O>/;R2=798~$,?J$`$H$7$F$b!$$"$kDxEY?M8}$,8:>/$7$?$i2sI|$9$k$HM=A[$9$k8&5f$,B?$$$G$9$,!$$=$NJ]>Z$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
        $B?M8}$NJQ2=$H$B$4$/C1=c$K$$$($P!$J?6QuBV$G=P@8N($,2<$,$i$J$1$l$P?M8}$,GzH/E*$KA}$($^$9!#=P@8N($,2<$,$l$P?M8}9=B$$,9bNp2=$7$^$9!#?M4V$@$1$G$O$J$/!$2HC\$b!$?M4V$r=Il=j$H$7$F9%$`@8J*$bA}$($F$$$k$H;W$$$^$9$,!$F0J*A4HL$N8DBN?t$,A}$($F$$$k$H$$$&$3$H$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
        $B>/;R9bNp2=$,?J$`$H!$O+F/?M8}$N3d$K!$$=$l$KMj$k?M8}$,B?$/$J$j!$?M4V$NAm@8;:NL$b>/$J$/$J$k$H;W$&$N$G$9$,!$Bg>fIW$J$N$G$7$g$&$+!)!!$=$l$b?M8}0];}$N0l$D$J$N$G$7$g$&$,!#(B
        $B9bNp.7P:Q$G$b$$$$$G$O$J$$$+$H$$$&9M$(J}$b$"$j$^$9!#$$$:$l$K$;$h!$9bNp2=$B9bNp$N9q$G$b$d$O$jBg$-$JLdBj$K$J$C$F$$$k$N$@$m$&$+!)!!$3$l$r:,K\E*$KKI$0$K$O!)(B
        $B;R$I$b$,;`$J$J$$$h$&$JJ]7r0eNEBN@)$rL\I8$K$7$F$-$?0J>e!$?M8}GzH/$r$7$J$$M#0l$N2r$O>/;R2=$G$"$j!$9bNp2=$BF|K\$G$O>/;R2=$,?J$_!$!V2?G/8e$K$O!D!W$H$$$&M=B,$r$h$/$-$-$^$9$,!$$=$NM=B,$K$O$I$l$[$I?.Mj@-$,$"$k$N$G$9$+!)(B
        $B%3%&%[!<%HMW0xK!!JG[I[;qNA;2>H!K$G$NM=B,$N>l9g!$G/NpJL=P@8N($d;`K4N($,2a5n2?G/$+$KBP$7$F4K$d$+$JJQ2=$G$"$l$PM=B,$b?.Mj$G$-$^$9$,!$FMH/E*$JJQ2=$,$"$C$?>l9g$NM=B,$O$[$H$s$IIT2DG=$G$9!#(B
        $B!X3K$NE_!Y$N$h$&$K3K$r;H$&$H6u5$Cf$K%A%j$,Iq$C$FB@M[8w$r$B29CH2=$rKI$0$?$a$KGzCF$r;H$C$F6u5$Cf$N%A%j$rA}$d$9$H$$$&$3$H$OO@M}E*$K$O2DG=$+$b$7$l$^$;$s$,!$NQM}E*$K$"$j$($^$;$s!#(B
        $B>-MhE*$KF|K\$N?M8}$,8:>/$K8~$+$&$H$7$F!$%<%m$K$J$k$3$H$O$"$j$&$k!)!!8=:_$OCO5e?M8}$OA}$($D$E$1$F$$$k$,$$$D$+$O8:$kF|$b$/$k!)(B
        $B8:$j$D$E$1$F%<%m$K$J$k2DG=@-$O%<%m$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#@$3&?M8}$O(B2050$BG/:"$N(B90$B2/$r%T!<%/$H$7$F8:$j$O$8$a$k$HM=B,$5$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
        $BAj8_:nMQ$NMM<0$rJQ$($k$H$$$&$N$O!$$=$l$^$G9T$C$F$$$?1g=u$r$d$a$F$7$^$&$H$$$&$3$H$G$9$+!)(B
        $B?)NH1g=u$h$j$b0eNE1g=u$G;R$I$b$N;`K4N($rDc2<$5$;!$2HB27W2h$r?;F)$5$;$F%j%W%m%@%/%F%#%V!&%X%k%9!u%i%$%D$N9M$(J}$,Ia5Z$9$l$P!$=P@8N($,Dc2<$9$k$N$G$O$J$$$+$H4|BT$5$l$F$$$^$9!#$7$+$7=!65E*$JM}M3$G9b=P@8$N>l9g$b$"$k$N$G!$>o$K$=$l$,2r$@$H$O8B$j$^$;$s!#(B
        $B!V?M8}!W$NDj5A$O!)!!?M8}$NBgET;T=8Cf$G$9$,!$%I!<%J%D2=8=>]$H$$$&$N$r@N=,$C$?$N$G$9$,!$2?$G$9$+!)(B
        $B!V?M8}!W$O%R%H$N=8CD$N8DBN?t$G$9!#%R%H$K8B$i$J$$>l9g$b$"$j$^$9$7!$=8$^$C$F=;$s$G$$$F:F@8;:$r$9$k$3$H$r>r7o$K5s$2$k8&5f]$O!$ET;T$NCf1{It$NCO2A$,9bF-$7$9$.$F$=$3$@$1?M8}L)EY$,Dc2<$7!$AjBPE*$KCO2A$N0B$$<~JUIt$N?M8}L)EY$,>e$,$k8=>]$r$$$$$^$9!#(B
        $B?M8}$r8:$i$9EXNO$r$7$F$$$k9q$b$"$k$H;W$&$,!$$=$&$$$&9q$N?M$?$A$O$=$N$3$H$rG'<1$7$F$$$k$N$+!)(B
        $B9q$H$7$F2HB27W2h$Kp$G$9!#(B
        $B%(%M%k%.!e9q$N9qL1$,!J8=:_$N!K@h?J9q$N@83h?e=`$rF@$k$N$OIT2DG=$G$9$+!)(B
        $BCf9q$H%$%s%I$@$1$G$b:#$NJF9q$J$_$N%(%M%k%.!<$r;H$C$?$i!$$"$C$H$$$&4V$K;q8;$,8O3i$7$^$9$+$i!$IT2DG=$@$H;W$$$^$9(B
        $B@$3&?M8}$,A}$($k$3$H$K$h$C$F!$CO5e$K@8B8$9$k>e$G?M4V$KM?$($k1F6A$H$O2?$,>e$2$i$l$k$N$G$7$g$&$+!)(B
        $B?)NA$d2=@PG3NA$,ITB-$7$F$/$k$3$H$,M=A[$5$l$^$9!#(B


        $BBh(B26$B2s!V:G6a$N@8BV3X8&5f!W!J(B2001$BG/(B12$B7n(B20$BF|!K(B

        $B9V5A35MW(B

        $B@8BV3X$K8B$i$:M}2J7O$N3XLd$N@.2L$O!$3X2qH/I=$5$l$k$+!$::FI$N@lLg2H$N%A%'%C%/$,F~$i$J$$$+!$F~$C$?$H$7$F$b$=$NJ]>Z$,$J$$$H$$$&7gE@$,$"$k!#$b$A$m$s!$::FIDemographic Research$B$H$$$&@lLg;o$O40A4$J(Bweb$B;(;o$G$"$k$,!$$-$A$s$H::FI$,9T$o$l$F$$$k$N$GB.Js@-$,9b$$$HF1;~$K$"$kDxEY$N?.Mj@-$b3NJ]$5$l$?;(;o$H$7$FI>2A$,9b$$!#$=$3$G!$:G6a$N@8BV3X$N8&5f$r>R2p$9$k:#2s$N9V5A$G$O!$3X2q$NF0$-$H@lLg;o$NF0$-$r@bL@$9$k!#(B

        $B@8BV3X4XO"$N3X2q(B
        $B"'#4G/$K0lEY!$(BINTECOL$B!J(BInternational Congress of Ecology$B!K$H$$$&9q:]2q5D$,9T$o$l!$@$3&Cf$N@8BV3X8&5f$B"'$B"'9qFb$G$O!$(B$BF|K\@8BV3X2q(B$B$r$O$8$a$H$7$F!$G.BS@8BV3X2q$H$+8DBN72@8BV3X2q$J$I$,$"$k!#(B
        $B@8BV3X4XO"$NO@J87G:\;o(B
        $B"'(BScience Citation Index (SCI)$B$H$$$&J88%%G!<%?%Y!<%9$G$O!$8D!9$N;(;o$NO@J8$,$I$NDxEYB>$N;(;o$NO@J8$K$h$C$F0zMQ$5$l$F$$$k$+$I$&$+$r<($9<\EY$H$7$F!$(BImpact Factor$B$H$$$&CM$r7W;;$7!$(BJournal Citation Reports$B$H$$$&Js9p$K$^$H$a$F$$$k!#(BImpact Factor$B$,9b$$$[$I$h$/0zMQ$5$l$F$$$k$3$H$r0UL#$7!$$=$N8&5fJ,Ln$G$N=EMW@-$r$"$k0UL#$GH?1G$9$k!#(B
        $B"'(BEcology$BJ,Ln$G$N(B2000$BG/EY$N(BImpact Factor$B$,9b$$=g$N;(;o%j%9%H$O2 1TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION8.765 2ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS6.213 3ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATICS6.195 4ADVANCES IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH6.167 5AMERICAN NATURALIST3.944 6GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY3.775 7ECOLOGY3.65 8EVOLUTION3.632 9ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS3.488 10BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY3.111 11JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY2.862 12CONSERVATION BIOLOGY2.814 13MOLECULAR ECOLOGY2.769 14ECOSYSTEMS2.753 15ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY2.74 16MICROBIAL ECOLOGY2.703 17JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY2.535 18OIKOS2.461 19WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS2.429 20JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY2.357
        $B"'$b$C$H2J3X0lHL$NCN8+$H$7$F=EMW$@$H;W$o$l$k>l9g$O!$(BNature$B$d(BScience$B$d(BPNAS$B!JJF9q2J3X%"%+%G%_!<5*MW!K$KJs9p$5$l$k!#(B
        2001$BG/(BTREE (Trends in Ecology & Evolution)$B7G:\O@J8$N798~(B
        $B"'0l$D$N$B"'?J2=@8BV3XE*%b%G%k8&5f!$J,;R@8BV3XE*$B"'4D6-LdBjMm$_$dJ]A4@8BV3XMm$_$N1~MQ8&5f$,B?$$!#(B
        $B"'$3$N;(;o$O(BEvolution$B$b%?!<%2%C%H$J$N$G!$?J2=$N%[%C%H$JBg%F!<%^$G$"$k$BNc#1(B
        $B!|(BTerborgh J et al. (2001) Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science, 294: 1923-1926.
        • $B%Y%M%:%(%i$NEg(B
        • $B3$LL>e>:$K$h$C$F:YJ,2=$5$l$F$7$^$C$?6h0h$N$&$A!$LL@Q$,>.$5$/$FJa?)F0J*$,@8$-$F$$$1$J$/$J$C$?$H$3$m$G$O?"?)F0J*$,(B10$BG\$+$i(B100$BG\$KA}$($F$7$^$C$F!H(Becological meltdown$B!I$,5/$3$C$F$$$k(B
        • $B@8BV7O$N@)8f$K4X$7$FJa?)Z5r(B
        $BNc#2(B
        $B!|(BRoberts CM et al. (2001) Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries. Science, 294: 1920-1923.
        • $B%U%m%j%@(B
        • $B6X5y6h$N@_Dj$,NY@\6h0h$G$N5y3M9b8~>e$KLrN)$C$F$$$k$3$H$rZ(B
        • $B@_Dj8e#5G/$G(B46-90%$B!J5yK!$K$h$C$F0[$J$k!K$N8~>e$,8+$i$l$?!#(B
        $BNc#3(B
        $B!|(BFujiwara M, Caswell H (2001) Demography of the endangered North Atlantic right whale. Nature, 414: 537-541.
        • $BKLBg@>MN%;%_%/%8%i8DBN72$N?M8}3XE*J,@O(B
        • 1990$BG/JU$j$+$i8:>/798~(B
        • $BG/Ev$?$j#2F,$NJl%/%8%i$N;`K4$rKI$2$P(BNRR$B$,#1$rD6$($k$H$$$&M=B,$,F@$i$l$?!#(B

        $B%U%)%m!<(B

        $B@h@8$O3X2q$K=P@J$5$l$?$3$H$O$"$j$^$9$+!)(B
        $B"'IaDL$N8&5f$BO@J8$O0lHL$K1Q8l$G=q$+$l!$H/I=$5$l$k$b$N$J$N$G$9$+!)!!1Q8l7w$G$J$/$F$b!)(B
        $B"'2J3X$K$*$1$k0lN.$N8&5f@.2L$O>/$J$/$H$b!V1Q8l$G$b!WH/I=$5$l$^$9!#$H$$$&$+!$1Q8l$G=q$+$J$$$H@$3&$KG'$a$i$l$J$$$N$G!$?MN`$N3XLd$N?JJb$K$"$^$j9W8%$7$J$$$o$1$G$9!#F|K\$N8&5f$B%H%C%W%@%&%s8z2L$H$O!)!!?"?)F0J*$,(B10$BG\$+$i(B100$BG\$KA}$($F$7$^$&$H%P%i%s%9$N$B"'%Y%M%:%(%i$NNc$G$O!$3$LL>e>:$GJ,CG$5$l$F>.$5$/$J$C$F$7$^$C$?Eg$G$OFy?)F0J*$,@8B8$G$-$:$K?"?'F0J*$,GzH/E*$KA}$($F$7$^$$!$?"J*$Ne0L$NJa?)ZL@$H$7$?$o$1$G$9!#(B
        $B6X5y6h$r@_Dj$9$k$H$J$<5y3M9b$,$"$,$k!)(B
        $B"'5{$N?t$O!$CU5{$N@8B8N($KBg$-$/0MB8$7$F$$$^$9!#;:Mq>lIU6a$r6X5y6h$K$9$l$P!$CU5{$N@8B8N($,BgI}$K>e>:$9$k$N$G!$NY@\3$0h$K9-$,$C$F$$$/@.5{$,A}$($F!$NY@\6h0h$N5y3M9b$,>e$,$k$N$@$H9M$($i$l$^$9!#(B
        $B%/%8%i$N@dLG$O$"$j$&$k!)(B
        $B"'$B#1G/$"$?$j#2F,$NJl%/%8%i$N;`K4$rKI$0$H$$$&$N$OFq$7$$$3$H!)!!8=:_2?$+BP:v$O!)(B
        $B"'%;%_%/%8%i$OKLBg@>MN!$KLB@J?MN$N9-Bg$J3$0h$K@8B)$7$F$$$k$N$G!$8+$D$1$k$@$1$G$b%X%j$rHt$P$7$F6uCf$+$i4Q;!$7$J$/$F$O$$$1$J$$$N$G!$$^$7$F$dJ]8n$9$k$H$J$k$HBgJQ$G$9!#(B
        $BF|K\$G$O%/%8%iFy$r?)$Y$k?M$,$$$k$,!$B>$N9q$G$O!)!!$=$l$KBP$9$kB>9q$+$i$NHcH=$O!)(B
        $B"'%N%k%&%'!<$d%"%$%9%i%s%I$G$b?)$Y$^$9$7!$FnB@J?MN$d%+%j%V3$$NEg!9$N?M!9$b?)$Y$k?M$,B?$$$G$9!#>.>>@5G7!V%/%8%i$O?)$Y$F$$$$!*!W!JJuEg/$J$$$=$&$G$9!#(B


        2002$BG/(B1$B7n(B10$BF|$O5Y9V$K$7!$Be$o$j$K(B2001$BG/(B12$B7n(B20$BF|$KJd9V$r9T$$$^$9!#=>$C$F!$(B12$B7n(B20$BF|$,:G=*2s$H$J$j$^$9!#(B


        $B8e4|%l%]!<%H2]Bj(B

        $B9V5A$G?($l$i$l$?FbMF$H4XO"$9$kK\$r>/$J$/$H$b#1:}FI$s$G!$$=$NFbMF$rF'$^$($J$,$i!$8=:_5/$3$C$F$$$k4D6-LdBj$r@8BV3X$N;kE@$+$i5R4QE*$KO@$8$J$5$$!#$=$N>e$G!$$=$NLdBj$r2r7h$9$k$?$a$K$O$I$&$9$Y$-$+!$$"$J$?<+?H$N9M$($rE83+$7$J$5$$!#(BA4$BMQ;f(B10$BKgDxEY$rL\0B$H$7!$KvHx$K0zMQ$7$?J88%L>$rL@5-$9$k$3$H!#(B2002$BG/(B1$B7n(B9$BF|!J?eMKF|!K$^$G$K65L32]$KDs=P$7$F$/$@$5$$!#(B